---
slug: i-mutation
passed: 2026-10-14
by: the assay line (research/assay-line/cited-1014/), Codex fixer directed by claude-assaying-boyle-1014; source record by Codex, checked by Codex
checked: 138
confirmed: 109
wrong: 29
unverifiable: 0
observed: 0
stale: 0
minor: 7
---

This pass re-read the evidence for all 30 directed triage items for i-mutation at repository read 01f4ee4471, corrected 22 WRONG and seven MINOR items through this layer’s sources and generator, and rejected X29 with evidence. It carries forward the 108 CONFIRMED claims and their qualifications from the Codex source/checker record in research/assay-line/cited-1014/i-mutation/N1-sources.json and N2-codex.md; those are the earlier checker’s readings, not a claim that this fixer repeated all 108 external checks. MINOR lines count in wrong here, with a separate finding for each. Nine page corrections cover the repeated WRONG items and are mirrored in the catalogue body. MINOR changes have no dated page correction. The full edit and command report is research/assay-line/cited-1014/i-mutation/fix-report.md. Literal \u2014 in carried quotations represents the original punctuation.

## Claims

- WRONG | [X1; intro-1-0] a single vowel does the work a whole ending used to do | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X2; intro-1-3] The ending is gone; the change it caused is all that's left. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X3; intro-4-1] Every vowel had a fixed front replacement, decided only by where in the mouth it started. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | The Old English correspondence table gives different outcomes by environment and dialect, including a → e especially before nasals. The page now calls the map a selection and qualifies its a → e entry.
- MINOR | [X4; doublet-foot] i-stem-type plural *fōti | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §408 puts foot under Monosyllabic Consonant Stems. The supported plural stays; i-stem-type becomes consonant-stem in the shared gloss.
- MINOR | [X5; wall-foot] i-stem-type plural *fōti | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §408 puts foot under Monosyllabic Consonant Stems. The supported plural stays; i-stem-type becomes consonant-stem in the shared gloss.
- WRONG | [X6; doublet-mouse] later /iː/ by unrounding then the GVS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | The Germanic umlaut development table places mīs after Early Middle English unrounding and /maɪs/ after the Great Vowel Shift. The gloss now separates /yː/ → /iː/ → /aɪ/.
- WRONG | [X7; wall-mouse] later /iː/ by unrounding then the GVS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | The Germanic umlaut development table places mīs after Early Middle English unrounding and /maɪs/ after the Great Vowel Shift. The gloss now separates /yː/ → /iː/ → /aɪ/.
- WRONG | [X8; doublet-louse] the only other surviving ū → ȳ plural | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kine | Wright §130 gives the mutated cow plural cȳ, and Wiktionary kine describes ky plus -en. The louse gloss now acknowledges this additional survival instead of claiming exclusivity.
- WRONG | [X9; wall-louse] the only other surviving ū → ȳ plural | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kine | Wright §130 gives the mutated cow plural cȳ, and Wiktionary kine describes ky plus -en. The louse gloss now acknowledges this additional survival instead of claiming exclusivity.
- WRONG | [X10; doublet-broad] *braidiþu → brǣdu "breadth" | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/breadth ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/br%C3%A6du | Wright §382 assigns breadth to the īn class; Wiktionary brædu gives Proto-Germanic *braidį̄ and the īn-stem declension. Wiktionary breadth derives Middle English bredthe by alteration of brede under the influence of -th nouns. The replacement uses that sourced form, labels its stage, and calls -th added, not re-added.
- MINOR | [X11; doublet-fox] fyxen "she-fox" | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vixen ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §378 prints the unstarred noun fyxen. Wiktionary vixen marks the noun *fyxen and also offers derivation from the attested adjective. A separate attestation note acknowledges both accounts without altering the quoted she-fox gloss.
- MINOR | [X12; doublet-brother] Brethren survives only in religious/figurative use | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brethren | Wiktionary brethren describes organizational, especially religious, usage as a tendency. Only becomes chiefly; this is a usage qualification, not a rejected etymology.
- MINOR | [X13; brethren-usage] Brethren survives only in religious/figurative use | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brethren | Wiktionary brethren describes organizational, especially religious, usage as a tendency. Only becomes chiefly; this is a usage qualification, not a rejected etymology.
- WRONG | [X14; quiz-answer-2] the -jan ending fronts the vowel, then drops. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/set | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X15; quiz-answer-3] the -jan ending fronts the vowel, then drops. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fill | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X16; quiz-answer-4] the -iþu ending fronts the vowel, then drops. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/health | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X17; trigger-2] the singular never had *-i. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §408 gives singular dative fēt and reconstructs its i-bearing ending. The explanation now limits the unmutated singular claim to nominative/accusative forms and names the dative counterexample.
- MINOR | [X18; frequency-survival] The survivors are high-frequency relics that resisted it. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259550502_On_Morphological_Realignments_in_Old_English_Root_Nouns | Independently re-read Adamczyk (2013), pp. 293–294, in the ResearchGate full-text transcription. It presents frequency as a possible conserving factor but notes moderately frequent survivors and frequent nouns that regularized. The page now describes one proposed contributor rather than an exhaustive explanation.
- WRONG | [X19; kine-formation] not an i-umlaut relic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kine ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §130 establishes cȳ as an umlauted cow plural; Wiktionary kine gives ky plus -en; the Germanic umlaut overview includes cow/kine. An added plural ending does not remove the inherited vowel mutation. The heading, explanation, gloss, catalogue and verifier now acknowledge it.
- WRONG | [X20; kine-double-plural] not an i-umlaut relic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kine ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §130 establishes cȳ as an umlauted cow plural; Wiktionary kine gives ky plus -en; the Germanic umlaut overview includes cow/kine. An added plural ending does not remove the inherited vowel mutation. The heading, explanation, gloss, catalogue and verifier now acknowledge it.
- WRONG | [X21; reconstructions] standard in the reference grammars | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §382 positively contradicts the former *braidiþu attribution by assigning breadth to the īn class. The corrected source note distinguishes schematic forms at differing stages from verbatim grammar quotations. This is not an assertion that every detail has independent external proof.
- WRONG | [X22; standard-grammars] The map, the doublets, and the reconstructed triggers are all standard material from the reference grammars. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | Wright §382 positively contradicts the former *braidiþu attribution by assigning breadth to the īn class. The corrected source note distinguishes schematic forms at differing stages from verbatim grammar quotations. This is not an assertion that every detail has independent external proof.
- WRONG | [X23; javascript-fallback] the wall, the map table and the sources above all work without it. | git show 67088387e0:public/strata/i-mutation/index.html | Re-read the pinned HTML with git show 67088387e0:public/strata/i-mutation/index.html: empty cogbody at line 232, renderCog at 325 and innerHTML assignment at 334. The current layer has the same mechanism. The unsupported table promise is removed; the actual static wall and sources are named, with a visible noscript explanation.
- WRONG | [X24; citation-3] §§115–204 (i-umlaut), §589 (abstract nouns), §656 (comparatives), §753 (weak verbs). | https://www.scribd.com/document/687829921/Campbell-1977-Old-English-Grammar | Re-read the Campbell contents in the Scribd transcription: i-mutation is §§190–204; §656 is weak adjectives; comparison is §§657–660. Corrected the bibliography and elder pointer; §589 and §753 were not disproved and remain.
- WRONG | [X25; dek-family] one vowel does the work a whole ending used to do | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X26; dek-only-trace] the vowel it moved is the only trace. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/health | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X27; meta-1-1] a whole lost ending | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- WRONG | [X28; meta-5-0] a whole lost ending | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present.
- CONFIRMED | [X29; relation-six-centuries] that page shows what the same vowels did six centuries later. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift ; https://www.scribd.com/document/687829921/Campbell-1977-Old-English-Grammar §16 ; research/i-mutation/data.mjs | REJECTED. The related note explicitly compares the displayed Old English stage with the later GVS. The data identifies early West Saxon; Campbell §16 dates its standard manuscripts around 900, while the GVS source spans 1400–1700. An approximate 900-to-1500 interval is defensible. Subtracting from the 450–500 onset changes the stated reference point and does not establish an error.
- MINOR | [X30; relation-finished] finished about fifteen centuries ago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | The Germanic umlaut lead dates the onset around 450–500 CE; Wright §47 places the change before the earliest records without a precise completion year. Replaced finished with began in this layer’s related note. This is MINOR, not STALE.
- CONFIRMED | A vanished i pulled the vowel forward \u2014 then deleted itself, leaving the grammar fossilised in the vowel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-0-0] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | There is one law behind all of them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-1-1] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | About fifteen centuries ago, an i, ī or j standing in the next syllable reached back and dragged the stressed vowel forward in the mouth \u2014 and then, its work done, that little vowel weakened to nothing and dropped off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-1-2] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | So the rule reads backwards: you see the moved vowel and infer the lost trigger that must once have stood behind it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-1-4] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | Each pair below is one word in origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-2-0] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | The form on the right carries a fronted vowel because, long ago, it had an i or j after it that the form on the left never did \u2014 a plural, a causative, an abstract noun. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-2-1] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | \u2014 the same vowel that fronts foot into feet fronts every pair here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-3-0] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | (These are the vowels at the Old English stage, where the change happened \u2014 modern spellings are these vowels carried on through later changes, the Great Vowel Shift among them.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-4-3] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | The plural ending arrives, conditions the vowel, then weakens and vanishes \u2014 and the plural now lives entirely in the vowel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-6-1] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | The cause deletes itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-7-0] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | This is why the rule reads backwards: you see the changed vowel (ē) and infer the lost trigger (-i) that must once have stood after it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [intro-7-1] Wright section 47: "the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel" through a following i or j; "for the most part already disappeared". The record also supplies the Germanic-umlaut correspondence table. The wall pairs share a base, with inflection or derivation; this confirms their relationship, not the broader claim that every suffix vanished.
- CONFIRMED | tooth / teethplural *tanþi plural of the consonant-stem tōþ; *-i fronts ō to ē | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [doublet-tooth] Wright sections 47, 62 and 408 give the consonant-stem tooth and its mutated plural; the record quotes "prim. Germanic *tan])iz, teeth" in OCR. Nasal loss and compensatory lengthening precede the displayed ō to ē stage.
- CONFIRMED | tōþ → tēþ · plural of the consonant-stem tōþ; *-i fronts ō to ē [plural, from *tanþi] | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [wall-tooth] Wright sections 47, 62 and 408 give the consonant-stem tooth and its mutated plural; the record quotes "prim. Germanic *tan])iz, teeth" in OCR. Nasal loss and compensatory lengthening precede the displayed ō to ē stage.
- CONFIRMED | goose / geeseplural *gōsi *gōsi → gēs; same ō → ē as foot | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goose ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [doublet-goose] The supplied Wiktionary passage gives only the singular ancestry, "Old English gōs". Supplemented with Wright sections 47 and 411: goose belongs to the same consonant-stem paradigm, with the ō to ē plural. The whole source and paradigm, not the short excerpt alone, establish gēs.
- CONFIRMED | gōs → gēs · *gōsi → gēs; same ō → ē as foot [plural, from *gōsi] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goose ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [wall-goose] The supplied Wiktionary passage gives only the singular ancestry, "Old English gōs". Supplemented with Wright sections 47 and 411: goose belongs to the same consonant-stem paradigm, with the ō to ē plural. The whole source and paradigm, not the short excerpt alone, establish gēs.
- CONFIRMED | man / menplural *manni *manni → menn; short a → e under the lost -i | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [doublet-man] The supplied excerpt establishes "Old English mann" but does not mention menn. Wright section 409 supplies the mann/menn paradigm and the original plural suffix; the Germanic-umlaut table independently prints "mann ... menn".
- CONFIRMED | mann → menn · *manni → menn; short a → e under the lost -i [plural, from *manni] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [wall-man] The supplied excerpt establishes "Old English mann" but does not mention menn. Wright section 409 supplies the mann/menn paradigm and the original plural suffix; the Germanic-umlaut table independently prints "mann ... menn".
- CONFIRMED | full / fillcausative *fulljan *fulljan "make full" → fyllan; u → y; later y → i | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fill ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [doublet-full] Wiktionary traces "Old English fyllan" to "Proto-West Germanic *fullijan" and "*fullaz". Wright section 112 confirms u to y and lists fyllan. The page uses a shortened trigger spelling; the correspondence and derivation hold.
- CONFIRMED | full → fyllan · *fulljan "make full" → fyllan; u → y; later y → i [causative, from *fulljan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fill ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [wall-full] Wiktionary traces "Old English fyllan" to "Proto-West Germanic *fullijan" and "*fullaz". Wright section 112 confirms u to y and lists fyllan. The page uses a shortened trigger spelling; the correspondence and derivation hold.
- CONFIRMED | food / feedcausative *fōdijan *fōdijan "give food" → fēdan; ō → ē | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feed | [doublet-food] The excerpt gives "Old English fēdan" and "Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan"; its etymology refers to food. Wright section 47 supplies the corresponding long ō to ē change.
- CONFIRMED | fōda → fēdan · *fōdijan "give food" → fēdan; ō → ē [causative, from *fōdijan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feed | [wall-food] The excerpt gives "Old English fēdan" and "Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan"; its etymology refers to food. Wright section 47 supplies the corresponding long ō to ē change.
- CONFIRMED | blood / bleedcausative *blōdijan *blōdijan "draw blood" → blēdan; ō → ē | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleed | [doublet-blood] The excerpt gives "Old English blēdan", "Proto-West Germanic *blōdijan", and "*blōþą" meaning blood. This supports the blood/bleed derivation and vowel change, with causative used broadly for the derived verb.
- CONFIRMED | blōd → blēdan · *blōdijan "draw blood" → blēdan; ō → ē [causative, from *blōdijan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleed | [wall-blood] The excerpt gives "Old English blēdan", "Proto-West Germanic *blōdijan", and "*blōþą" meaning blood. This supports the blood/bleed derivation and vowel change, with causative used broadly for the derived verb.
- CONFIRMED | doom / deemcausative *dōmijan *dōmijan "pronounce a dōm (judgement)" → dēman "judge"; ō → ē | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deem | [doublet-doom] The excerpt gives "Old English dēman" and "Proto-West Germanic *dōmijan", and says "It is also related to doom". The judgement gloss and ō to ē derivation are supported.
- CONFIRMED | dōm → dēman · *dōmijan "pronounce a dōm (judgement)" → dēman "judge"; ō → ē [causative, from *dōmijan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deem | [wall-doom] The excerpt gives "Old English dēman" and "Proto-West Germanic *dōmijan", and says "It is also related to doom". The judgement gloss and ō to ē derivation are supported.
- CONFIRMED | whole / healcausative *hailijan *hailijan "make hāl (sound/whole)" → hǣlan "heal"; ā → ǣ. (whole gained its w- spelling later; hale and whole are themselves a Northern/Southern doublet of the same OE hāl) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heal ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whole ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hale | [doublet-whole] Heal supplies "Old English hǣlan" and "Proto-West Germanic *hailijan". Whole dates its wh spelling "since ca. 1400"; hale says "From Northern Middle English hal, hale, variants of hole". Each entry needs these companion sources to support its full compound claim.
- CONFIRMED | hāl → hǣlan · *hailijan "make hāl (sound/whole)" → hǣlan "heal"; ā → ǣ. (whole gained its w- spelling later; hale and whole are themselves a Northern/Southern doublet of the same OE hāl) [causative, from *hailijan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heal ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whole ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hale | [wall-whole] Heal supplies "Old English hǣlan" and "Proto-West Germanic *hailijan". Whole dates its wh spelling "since ca. 1400"; hale says "From Northern Middle English hal, hale, variants of hole". Each entry needs these companion sources to support its full compound claim.
- CONFIRMED | fall / fellcausative *fallijan *fallijan "make fall" → fellan "cut down"; the causative of fall | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fell | [doublet-fall] The excerpt names both "Old English fellan, fiellan" and "*fallijaną", explicitly "causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną". Wright section 47 supplies the West Saxon fiellan reflex; fellan is a documented variant.
- CONFIRMED | feallan → fellan · *fallijan "make fall" → fellan "cut down"; the causative of fall [causative, from *fallijan] | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fell | [wall-fall] The excerpt names both "Old English fellan, fiellan" and "*fallijaną", explicitly "causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną". Wright section 47 supplies the West Saxon fiellan reflex; fellan is a documented variant.
- CONFIRMED | sit / setcausative *satjan *satjan "make sit" → settan "set"; the causative of sit | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/set | [doublet-sit] The source gives "Old English settan", "*sattjan", and "*satjaną", explicitly the causative of the sit root. The a to e applies to the causative stem, not directly to the i of sit.
- CONFIRMED | lie / laycausative *lagjan *lagjan "make lie" → lecgan "lay"; the causative of lie | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lay | [doublet-lie] The source gives "Old English leċġan" from "*laggjan" and "*lagjaną", explicitly the causative of "*ligjaną". This involves the causative stem as well as umlaut.
- CONFIRMED | drink / drenchcausative *drankijan *drankijan "make drink / soak" → drencan "drench"; the causative of drink | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drench | [doublet-drink] The source gives "Old English drenċan", "*drankijan", and "*drankijaną", explicitly "the causative of *drinkaną". Its gloss includes giving someone a drink and soaking.
- CONFIRMED | long / lengthnoun -þ *langiþu *langiþu "the quality of being lang" → lengþu; a → e | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/length | [doublet-long] The excerpt gives "Old English lengþ, lengþu" from "Proto-West Germanic *langiþu" and identifies the surviving abstract nominal suffix -th.
- CONFIRMED | strong / strengthnoun -þ *strangiþu *strangiþu → strengþu; same a → e as length | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strength | [doublet-strong] The excerpt gives "Old English strengþu" from "Proto-West Germanic *strangiþu" and identifies the abstract nominal suffix -th.
- CONFIRMED | foul / filthnoun -þ *fūliþu *fūliþu → fȳlþ, shortened to fylþ "filth"; ū → ȳ (then short y); the abstract of fūl "foul" | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filth ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [doublet-foul] The excerpt gives "Old English fȳlþu" from "Proto-West Germanic *fūliþu". This establishes the original long rounded reflex; later shortening explains the short form displayed on the page. Wright section 145 discusses shortening in consonant groups.
- CONFIRMED | hale / healthnoun -þ *hailiþu *hailiþu → hǣlþ "health"; ā → ǣ; the quality of being hāl (whole/hale) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/health | [doublet-hale] The excerpt gives "Old English hǣlþ" from "*hailiþu" and "*hailaz + *-iþō". It explicitly analyses the word as hale/whole/heal plus -th.
- CONFIRMED | old / eldercomparative *alþiza comparative *alþiza → ieldra "elder"; ea → ie; the plain comparative older was re-formed without mutation | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elder ; https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12629/pg12629.txt | [doublet-old] The supplied source gives "Old English eldra, yldra, ieldra" and "*alþizô"; it explicitly attributes the vowel change to following i. The later analogy needs a supplementary source: Sapir, Language, chapter VIII, describes "forms with unmodified vowel, older and oldest". ReadCentral timed out and its web view redirected to a mobile index; the full book was instead fetched from Project Gutenberg, with its title and elder passage as positive controls.
- CONFIRMED | gold / gilddenominal *gulþijan *gulþijan "cover with gold" → gyldan "gild"; the u-quality vowel of gold → y. (The noun guild is a DIFFERENT word, from a "pay" root \u2014 not related to gold despite the rhyme.) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gild ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guild | [doublet-gold] Gild gives "Old English gyldan" from "*gulþijan" and "*gulþą" meaning gold. Guild instead gives "Old Norse gildi" meaning "payment, guild", related to geld and yield. Read together they support the stated distinction.
- CONFIRMED | *hailijan "make hāl (sound/whole)" → hǣlan "heal"; ā → ǣ. (whole gained its w- spelling later; hale and whole are themselves a Northern/Southern doublet of the same OE hāl) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heal ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whole ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hale | [whole-spelling] Heal supplies "Old English hǣlan" and "Proto-West Germanic *hailijan". Whole dates its wh spelling "since ca. 1400"; hale says "From Northern Middle English hal, hale, variants of hole". Each entry needs these companion sources to support its full compound claim.
- CONFIRMED | *hailijan "make hāl (sound/whole)" → hǣlan "heal"; ā → ǣ. (whole gained its w- spelling later; hale and whole are themselves a Northern/Southern doublet of the same OE hāl) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heal ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whole ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hale | [hale-doublet] Heal supplies "Old English hǣlan" and "Proto-West Germanic *hailijan". Whole dates its wh spelling "since ca. 1400"; hale says "From Northern Middle English hal, hale, variants of hole". Each entry needs these companion sources to support its full compound claim.
- CONFIRMED | *gulþijan "cover with gold" → gyldan "gild"; the u-quality vowel of gold → y. (The noun guild is a DIFFERENT word, from a "pay" root \u2014 not related to gold despite the rhyme.) | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gild ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guild | [guild-root] Gild gives "Old English gyldan" from "*gulþijan" and "*gulþą" meaning gold. Guild instead gives "Old Norse gildi" meaning "payment, guild", related to geld and yield. Read together they support the stated distinction.
- CONFIRMED | The visible woman → women alternation is in the FIRST vowel, and its history is tangled (OE wīfmann → wimman, with a later vowel split), not a clean i-umlaut of the kind in foot → feet. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/woman | [woman-development] The etymology gives wīfmann, wifman and wimman. The usage note dates western rounding in the singular to the 13th century while the plural retained /ɪ/. The first-vowel alternation is therefore not the direct foot/feet pattern.
- CONFIRMED | a → e \u2014 back/low a fronts and raises to e. e.g. mann → menn | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [map-0] Wright section 47 prints "a(o) > e" with an earlier æ stage, and section 60 supplies mann/menn. This confirms the example; the broader universal rule is separately rejected in intro-4-1.
- CONFIRMED | o → e \u2014 short o fronts to œ, which unrounds to e in West Saxon. e.g. dohtor → (dat.) dehter | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [map-1] Wright section 47 prints "o > e (older ce)" in OCR and "dat. dehter from *dohtri" beside dohtor. The early rounded front stage and dative example match.
- CONFIRMED | u → y \u2014 short u fronts to y (a rounded front vowel, IPA /y/). e.g. fulljan → fyllan | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [map-2] Wright section 47 prints "u > y"; section 112 lists fyllan. The source confirms the vowel quality, with the reconstruction understood as preliterary rather than an attested unmutated OE infinitive.
- CONFIRMED | ā → ǣ \u2014 long ā fronts to ǣ. e.g. hāl → hǣlan | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [map-3] Wright section 47 gives long ā to ǣ and hǣlan beside Gothic hailjan. OCR flattens these to "a > 86" and "haelan"; section 134 and the source table disambiguate the vowel lengths.
- CONFIRMED | ō → ē \u2014 long ō fronts and raises to ē. e.g. fōt → fēt | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [map-4] Wright section 47 gives long ō to ē, with "fet" for feet and the older rounded stage. The Germanic-umlaut table independently distinguishes fōt, fø̄t and fēt.
- CONFIRMED | ū → ȳ \u2014 long ū fronts to ȳ (a long rounded front vowel, IPA /yː/). e.g. mūs → mȳs | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [map-5] Wright section 47 gives long ū to ȳ, with mice from *mūsiz; the Germanic-umlaut table supplies explicitly accented mūs/mȳs. This supports the length and rounding, not the later GVS claim.
- CONFIRMED | ea → ie \u2014 the diphthong ea fronts to ie in Early West Saxon (later i / y; Anglian gives e). e.g. eald → ieldra | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [map-6] Wright sections 47 and 65 give ea to ie, later i/y, including ieldra. The cited overview distinguishes the Anglian e reflex.
- CONFIRMED | eo → ie \u2014 the diphthong eo fronts to ie in Early West Saxon (later i / y; Anglian gives e). e.g. feor → fierr | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [map-7] The supplied overview table distinguishes original eo from io, so it is not a simple verbatim warrant for the printed eo arrow. Wright section 556 explicitly gives "feorr, far, fierr from *ferriz"; sections 47 and 101-105 describe the intervening io/ie history. The comparative example is genuine; the map is a pedagogical correspondence, not a complete chronology.
- CONFIRMED | *fōt the bare stem \u2014 Proto-Germanic foot, vowel ō | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [erasure-0] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | *fōt-i the plural ending *-i is added: "feet" = stem + i | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [erasure-1] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | *fø̄t-i i-MUTATION fires: the i drags the ō forward to a front ø̄ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [erasure-2] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | fœ̄t-(i) the conditioning i weakens \u2014 its job is done | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [erasure-3] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | fēt the i is GONE; ø̄ unrounds to ē. The plural now lives entirely in the vowel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [erasure-4] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | Yes. ō → ē. OE gōs (goose) becomes gēs (geese) \u2014 the -i ending fronts the vowel, then drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [quiz-answer-0] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | Yes. ū → ȳ. OE mūs (mouse) becomes mȳs (mice) \u2014 the -i ending fronts the vowel, then drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [quiz-answer-1] The source table follows the root fōt, West Germanic *fōti, pre-OE *fø̄ti, loss of final i, and unrounding to fēt. It likewise gives mūs/mȳs. Goose/geese is independently in Wright section 411. The stepper is explicitly a schematic stem-and-ending reconstruction, not five attested words.
- CONFIRMED | i-mutation is conditioned, not free. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [trigger-0] Wright section 47 explicitly makes following i/j the condition. The foot/feet contrast is valid for the nominative/accusative singular; the absolute assertion about every singular case is assessed separately under trigger-2.
- CONFIRMED | The vowel changes ONLY because an i, ī or j stood in the next syllable. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [trigger-1] Wright section 47 explicitly makes following i/j the condition. The foot/feet contrast is valid for the nominative/accusative singular; the absolute assertion about every singular case is assessed separately under trigger-2.
- CONFIRMED | No trigger, no mutation \u2014 which is exactly what makes the surviving doublets readable as fossils of lost endings. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [trigger-3] Wright section 47 explicitly makes following i/j the condition. The foot/feet contrast is valid for the nominative/accusative singular; the absolute assertion about every singular case is assessed separately under trigger-2.
- CONFIRMED | In standard Modern English the clean mutation plurals are just feet, geese, teeth, men, women, mice, lice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plurals ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [plural-set] The cited plural inventory gives feet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth and women, plus their compounds. Wright records former mutated plurals in other noun paradigms. Read as the seven base families in standard English, not a ban on compounds or new compounds.
- CONFIRMED | Book once had the OE umlaut plural bēc \u2014 now it is books, not *beech (and beech the tree, though related to book far back, is NOT that lost plural). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beech | [book-plural] The overview gives "bōc ... bēċ" for book/books. Beech instead derives from "Old English bēċe" and "Proto-West Germanic *bōkijā", while explicitly saying it is related to book. Thus the tree is related but is not the old plural.
- CONFIRMED | Book once had the OE umlaut plural bēc \u2014 now it is books, not *beech (and beech the tree, though related to book far back, is NOT that lost plural). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beech | [beech-relation] The overview gives "bōc ... bēċ" for book/books. Beech instead derives from "Old English bēċe" and "Proto-West Germanic *bōkijā", while explicitly saying it is related to book. Thus the tree is related but is not the old plural.
- CONFIRMED | Oak, goat, friend, borough all had mutation plurals too, now levelled to -s. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [lost-plurals] Wright section 411 lists oak, goat and burg in the mutated book paradigm; sections 105 and 417 give the friend plural. The current regular plurals are oaks, goats, friends and boroughs. The excerpt needs both listed portions to support all four nouns.
- CONFIRMED | The visible woman → women alternation is in the FIRST vowel, and its history is tangled (OE wīfmann → wimman, with a later vowel split), not a clean i-umlaut of the kind in foot → feet. | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/woman | [woman-history] The etymology gives wīfmann, wifman and wimman. The usage note dates western rounding in the singular to the 13th century while the plural retained /ɪ/. The first-vowel alternation is therefore not the direct foot/feet pattern.
- CONFIRMED | The same Germanic change gives German Fuß/Füße, Maus/Mäuse, Mann/Männer, lang/Länge \u2014 and German still SPELLS the front vowel with the umlaut dots ä ö ü. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [german-english-0] The source explicitly supplies Fuß/Füße, Maus/Mäuse, Mann/Männer and lang/Länge, and describes the umlaut diacritic. English's lost dots are figurative wording for the absence of that spelling convention, not a claim that OE used modern German diacritics.
- CONFIRMED | English merged the mutated vowels into ordinary spellings, then ran them through the Great Vowel Shift (so OE ē in fēt became the modern /iː/ of feet). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [german-english-1] The source table places unrounded fēt in Old English and /fiːt/ after the Great Vowel Shift. This supports feet; it does not support /iː/ as the final GVS output for mice.
- CONFIRMED | The dots are gone; the change is the same. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [german-english-2] The source table places unrounded fēt in Old English and /fiːt/ after the Great Vowel Shift. This supports feet; it does not support /iː/ as the final GVS output for mice.
- CONFIRMED | i-mutation is usually dated to an onset around 450–500 CE, working earliest and most completely in Old English and Old Norse, and essentially complete before the earliest Old English texts (7th–8th c.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dating-0] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | It is shared in broad outline across West and North Germanic (English, German, Dutch, the Scandinavian languages) but absent from Gothic, the one well-recorded East Germanic language \u2014 which is why it is dated separately per language rather than as one event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dating-1] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | The exact relative chronology, and how much was a single change versus parallel developments, is debated; we keep the dating an honest range. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dating-2] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | ≈ 1,500 years deep | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [depth-label] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | Nothing here is a new claim in historical linguistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [no-new-linguistics] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | OED \u2014 Oxford English Dictionary, etymologies of the individual words (foot, feet, fill, length, etc.). | https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/3362189052 | [citation-0] The DOI redirected curl to the OED homepage, so the online NOT FOUND was not evidence against the quotation. An indexed official OED result for this DOI reproduced "foot is a word inherited from Germanic" and the foot entry; direct entry fetches returned a JavaScript challenge. This confirms the dictionary reference, not a complete audit of every OED etymology.
- CONFIRMED | I-mutation (Wikipedia) \u2014 Wikipedia, "I-mutation" and "Germanic umlaut" \u2014 overview of the change, its conditioning, and its reflexes across Germanic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [citation-2] The opening paragraph explicitly calls the process "i-umlaut or i-mutation" and defines its conditioning; the I-mutation URL leads to the Germanic umlaut overview.
- CONFIRMED | Wright \u2014 Joseph & Elizabeth Wright, Old English Grammar (3rd ed., Oxford, 1925). | https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA1056005X ; https://archive.org/metadata/oldenglishgramma0000jose | [citation-4] CiNii catalogue BA1056005X explicitly lists "by Joseph Wright and Elizabeth Mary Wright", "1925", and "3rd ed". The record's Internet Archive metadata says "June 1925", but its associated OCR title page says "1908". The page bibliography is correct; that scan is not evidence for the third edition.
- CONFIRMED | Hogg \u2014 Richard M. Hogg, A Grammar of Old English, vol. 1: Phonology (Blackwell, 1992). | https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/a-grammar-of-old-english-1-phonology/ | [citation-5] Manchester's institutional record gives "Hogg, R. (1992). A Grammar of Old English, 1: Phonology. Basil Blackwell Ltd." The author, title, volume, publisher and year agree.
- CONFIRMED | Ringe \u2014 Don Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (Oxford, 2006) \u2014 the Germanic stage and the *-i, *-jan endings. | https://iecor.clld.org/sources/395 | [citation-6] The bibliography record gives "Ringe, Don. 2006. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press." This verifies the publication; the page does not specify a more precise passage for its scope description.
- CONFIRMED | Lass \u2014 Roger Lass, Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion (Cambridge, 1994). | https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/old-english/contents/90B1D9CD77154AE173138ACE95B8E204 | [citation-7] The Cambridge publisher page identifies Roger Lass and Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion, with "Print publication year: 1994". Bibliographic particulars agree.
- CONFIRMED | There is one law behind all of them, and its strangeness is that the cause deleted itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dek-law] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | About fifteen centuries ago an i, ī or j in the FOLLOWING syllable reached back and dragged the stressed vowel forward in the mouth (a back vowel fronted, an open one raised) and then that little vowel weakened to nothing and dropped off. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dek-dating] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | it only fires where an i or j actually stood (so the singular foot keeps its ō) | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [dek-foot-singular] Wright section 47 explicitly makes following i/j the condition. The foot/feet contrast is valid for the nominative/accusative singular; the absolute assertion about every singular case is assessed separately under trigger-2.
- CONFIRMED | the surviving mutation plurals are a closed set of relics (feet, geese, teeth, men, women, mice, lice; most others levelled to -s long ago, books not *beech) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plurals ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [dek-plural-relics] The cited plural inventory gives feet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth and women, plus their compounds. Wright records former mutated plurals in other noun paradigms. Read as the seven base families in standard English, not a ban on compounds or new compounds.
- CONFIRMED | German still spells the very same change with the umlaut dots ä ö ü that English buried. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [dek-german] The source explicitly supplies Fuß/Füße, Maus/Mäuse, Mann/Männer and lang/Länge, and describes the umlaut diacritic. English's lost dots are figurative wording for the absence of that spelling convention, not a claim that OE used modern German diacritics.
- CONFIRMED | i-mutation (i-umlaut) made runnable: why English has foot/feet, mouse/mice, goose/geese, man/men, full/fill, food/feed, long/length, old/elder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fill | [meta-1-0] The overview and the individual etymologies establish these examples of i-mutation; full/fill is a derived verb pair and foot/feet is an inflectional pair.
- CONFIRMED | Why English has foot/feet and full/fill: a lost /i/ fronted the vowel and then erased itself. i-mutation, made into something you drive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fill | [meta-13-0] The overview and the individual etymologies establish these examples of i-mutation; full/fill is a derived verb pair and foot/feet is an inflectional pair.
- CONFIRMED | *foot/feet, mouse/mice, goose/geese, man/men, full/fill, food/feed, long/length, old/elder, fox/vixen* | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [md-doublet-list] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | being a *dead Germanic vowel mutation* | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [md-dead-mutation] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | conditioned not by position but by a sound in the next syllable that then **erased itself** | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [md-conditioning] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | the Second (High German) consonant shift moves the southern STOPS and is conditioned by POSITION (initial vs. after a vowel) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift | [relation-high-german] The source describes the southern West Germanic shift of /p t k/, with outcomes depending on word position; this verifies the comparison with the earlier layer.
- CONFIRMED | here i-mutation moves the English VOWELS and is conditioned by a SOUND in the next syllable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [relation-imutation] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | this one shows the surviving mutation plurals shrunk to a closed set of relics while the rest levelled to -s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plurals ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [relation-plurals] The cited plural inventory gives feet, geese, lice, men, mice, teeth and women, plus their compounds. Wright records former mutated plurals in other noun paradigms. Read as the seven base families in standard English, not a ban on compounds or new compounds.
- CONFIRMED | German still spelling with ä ö ü the umlaut English buried. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [relation-german] The source explicitly supplies Fuß/Füße, Maus/Mäuse, Mann/Männer and lang/Länge, and describes the umlaut diacritic. English's lost dots are figurative wording for the absence of that spelling convention, not a claim that OE used modern German diacritics.
- CONFIRMED | the position of the old accent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner%27s_law | [relation-verner-factor] The source says the unexpected voicing depended on a preceding vowel without PIE stress; Germanic later fixed stress on the root. The hidden-accent comparison is accurate.
- CONFIRMED | an apparent irregularity (why is the plural of foot feet?) turns out to be perfectly regular once you restore the conditioning factor that has since vanished | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [relation-hidden-trigger] Wright section 47 and the overview document this historical process and the listed English relationships. These claims concern the established sound change, not independent validation of every reconstruction on the page; specific errors have their own entries.
- CONFIRMED | The Great Vowel Shift (~600 yr) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift | [relation-gvs-time] The source dates the GVS primarily to "between 1400 and 1700". Approximately 600 years identifies its onset, not its full duration.
- CONFIRMED | OE fēt had a long ē, and it was the GVS that later raised that ē to the modern /iː/ of feet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [relation-feet-gvs] The source table places unrounded fēt in Old English and /fiːt/ after the Great Vowel Shift. This supports feet; it does not support /iː/ as the final GVS output for mice.
- CONFIRMED | Welsh CONSONANT mutation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology | [relation-welsh-living] The contemporary Welsh description lists grammatical triggers and current mutation patterns, supporting its status as an active alternation. The excerpt about ancient Celtic alone would not establish current use; the surrounding present-day rules do.
- CONFIRMED | where his and her genuinely fall together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology | [relation-welsh-homophony] The possessive table prints "ei" for both his and her, with soft versus aspirate mutation. The possessive word coincides, while following mutation can distinguish the phrases.
- CONFIRMED | *guild* is a different "pay" root, not related to *gold* | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gild ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guild | [draft-guild] Gild gives "Old English gyldan" from "*gulþijan" and "*gulþą" meaning gold. Guild instead gives "Old Norse gildi" meaning "payment, guild", related to geld and yield. Read together they support the stated distinction.
- CONFIRMED | the *o → e* is umlaut but the *-en* is a separately added plural | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brethren | [draft-brethren] The etymology explicitly derives bretheren from brether plus -en and calls the o to e change umlaut. It distinguishes the old dative singular brēþer from the plural extension.
- CONFIRMED | *book/beech* named as the folk-etymology trap it is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beech | [draft-beech] The overview gives "bōc ... bēċ" for book/books. Beech instead derives from "Old English bēċe" and "Proto-West Germanic *bōkijā", while explicitly saying it is related to book. Thus the tree is related but is not the old plural.
- CONFIRMED | the *foul/filth* reflex aligned to the map's *ū → ȳ* | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filth ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [draft-filth] The excerpt gives "Old English fȳlþu" from "Proto-West Germanic *fūliþu". This establishes the original long rounded reflex; later shortening explains the short form displayed on the page. Wright section 145 discusses shortening in consonant groups.
- CONFIRMED | the diphthong reflexes marked as the West Saxon ones (Anglian gives *e*) | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut | [draft-dialects] The supplied overview table distinguishes original eo from io, so it is not a simple verbatim warrant for the printed eo arrow. Wright section 556 explicitly gives "feorr, far, fierr from *ferriz"; sections 47 and 101-105 describe the intervening io/ie history. The comparative example is genuine; the map is a pedagogical correspondence, not a complete chronology.
- CONFIRMED | the dating widened to its honest *c. 450–500 CE* onset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut ; https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [draft-date] The overview states "starting around 450 or 500 CE", places the development in preliterary OE and Norse, excludes Gothic, and discusses the alternative relative chronologies. Wright section 47 says "prehistoric OE" and that most triggers were gone in the oldest records. Approximately 1,500 years is consistent with the onset.
- CONFIRMED | Stacked, they are most of why English vowels and their spellings have so little to do with each other. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift | [relation-spelling-distance] The cited source calls the GVS "the major reason" for the mismatch between spelling and pronunciation. In context the two historical layers explain the vowel history; this is a broad explanation, not a measured numerical share.
- CONFIRMED | still operating today, a sound change you can hear a speaker make in real time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology | [relation-welsh-today] The contemporary Welsh description lists grammatical triggers and current mutation patterns, supporting its status as an active alternation. The excerpt about ancient Celtic alone would not establish current use; the surrounding present-day rules do.
- CONFIRMED | Two conditioned sound laws of the same family, one upstream of the other. | https://archive.org/download/oldenglishgramma00wrig/oldenglishgramma00wrig_djvu.txt | [relation-two-conditioned-laws] Wright section 231 describes the earlier Germanic consonant shift; section 47 describes pre-OE umlaut. Both are regular sound changes in the Germanic lineage, the first upstream of the second.

## Findings

- [fixed] X1 (WRONG; intro-1-0): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X2 (WRONG; intro-1-3): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X3 (WRONG; intro-4-1): The Old English correspondence table gives different outcomes by environment and dialect, including a → e especially before nasals. The page now calls the map a selection and qualifies its a → e entry. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X4 (MINOR; doublet-foot): Wright §408 puts foot under Monosyllabic Consonant Stems. The supported plural stays; i-stem-type becomes consonant-stem in the shared gloss. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X5 (MINOR; wall-foot): Wright §408 puts foot under Monosyllabic Consonant Stems. The supported plural stays; i-stem-type becomes consonant-stem in the shared gloss. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X6 (WRONG; doublet-mouse): The Germanic umlaut development table places mīs after Early Middle English unrounding and /maɪs/ after the Great Vowel Shift. The gloss now separates /yː/ → /iː/ → /aɪ/. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X7 (WRONG; wall-mouse): The Germanic umlaut development table places mīs after Early Middle English unrounding and /maɪs/ after the Great Vowel Shift. The gloss now separates /yː/ → /iː/ → /aɪ/. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X8 (WRONG; doublet-louse): Wright §130 gives the mutated cow plural cȳ, and Wiktionary kine describes ky plus -en. The louse gloss now acknowledges this additional survival instead of claiming exclusivity. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X9 (WRONG; wall-louse): Wright §130 gives the mutated cow plural cȳ, and Wiktionary kine describes ky plus -en. The louse gloss now acknowledges this additional survival instead of claiming exclusivity. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X10 (WRONG; doublet-broad): Wright §382 assigns breadth to the īn class; Wiktionary brædu gives Proto-Germanic *braidį̄ and the īn-stem declension. Wiktionary breadth derives Middle English bredthe by alteration of brede under the influence of -th nouns. The replacement uses that sourced form, labels its stage, and calls -th added, not re-added. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X11 (MINOR; doublet-fox): Wright §378 prints the unstarred noun fyxen. Wiktionary vixen marks the noun *fyxen and also offers derivation from the attested adjective. A separate attestation note acknowledges both accounts without altering the quoted she-fox gloss. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X12 (MINOR; doublet-brother): Wiktionary brethren describes organizational, especially religious, usage as a tendency. Only becomes chiefly; this is a usage qualification, not a rejected etymology. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X13 (MINOR; brethren-usage): Wiktionary brethren describes organizational, especially religious, usage as a tendency. Only becomes chiefly; this is a usage qualification, not a rejected etymology. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X14 (WRONG; quiz-answer-2): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X15 (WRONG; quiz-answer-3): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X16 (WRONG; quiz-answer-4): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X17 (WRONG; trigger-2): Wright §408 gives singular dative fēt and reconstructs its i-bearing ending. The explanation now limits the unmutated singular claim to nominative/accusative forms and names the dative counterexample. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X18 (MINOR; frequency-survival): Independently re-read Adamczyk (2013), pp. 293–294, in the ResearchGate full-text transcription. It presents frequency as a possible conserving factor but notes moderately frequent survivors and frequent nouns that regularized. The page now describes one proposed contributor rather than an exhaustive explanation. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X19 (WRONG; kine-formation): Wright §130 establishes cȳ as an umlauted cow plural; Wiktionary kine gives ky plus -en; the Germanic umlaut overview includes cow/kine. An added plural ending does not remove the inherited vowel mutation. The heading, explanation, gloss, catalogue and verifier now acknowledge it. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X20 (WRONG; kine-double-plural): Wright §130 establishes cȳ as an umlauted cow plural; Wiktionary kine gives ky plus -en; the Germanic umlaut overview includes cow/kine. An added plural ending does not remove the inherited vowel mutation. The heading, explanation, gloss, catalogue and verifier now acknowledge it. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X21 (WRONG; reconstructions): Wright §382 positively contradicts the former *braidiþu attribution by assigning breadth to the īn class. The corrected source note distinguishes schematic forms at differing stages from verbatim grammar quotations. This is not an assertion that every detail has independent external proof. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X22 (WRONG; standard-grammars): Wright §382 positively contradicts the former *braidiþu attribution by assigning breadth to the īn class. The corrected source note distinguishes schematic forms at differing stages from verbatim grammar quotations. This is not an assertion that every detail has independent external proof. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify.mjs, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X23 (WRONG; javascript-fallback): Re-read the pinned HTML with git show 67088387e0:public/strata/i-mutation/index.html: empty cogbody at line 232, renderCog at 325 and innerHTML assignment at 334. The current layer has the same mechanism. The unsupported table promise is removed; the actual static wall and sources are named, with a visible noscript explanation. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/verify-page.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X24 (WRONG; citation-3): Re-read the Campbell contents in the Scribd transcription: i-mutation is §§190–204; §656 is weak adjectives; comparison is §§657–660. Corrected the bibliography and elder pointer; §589 and §753 were not disproved and remain. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/data.mjs, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X25 (WRONG; dek-family): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X26 (WRONG; dek-only-trace): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X27 (WRONG; meta-1-1): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X28 (WRONG; meta-5-0): Wright §47 describes the conditioning i/j being lost or altered, not universal loss of entire suffixes. Length and health retain -th; the set/fill etymologies give OE settan/fyllan, with -an still present. Covered by the dated Corrections note and mirrored Markdown line. Authored/rendered copies: research/i-mutation/build-page.mjs, research/i-mutation/data.mjs, research/i-mutation/og.html, src/content/strata/i-mutation.md, public/strata/i-mutation/index.html.
- [fixed] X30 (MINOR; relation-finished): The Germanic umlaut lead dates the onset around 450–500 CE; Wright §47 places the change before the earliest records without a precise completion year. Replaced finished with began in this layer’s related note. This is MINOR, not STALE. Recorded only; no dated page correction. Authored/rendered copies: src/content/strata/i-mutation.md.