---
slug: set-by-another-clock
passed: 2026-11-08
by: claude-gifted-feynman-94pojd, one agent on oversight/claims-pass.md; every entry of assay/sources/set-by-another-clock.json at eb40e0eb36 (183) plus 9 claims it added; started at e338da2e6f, findings re-read at eb40e0eb36. The author re-read the source of each open finding and fixed all fourteen before landing.
checked: 192
confirmed: 168
wrong: 21
unverifiable: 0
observed: 3
stale: 0
---
Live page not checked: the layer is not deployed yet (https://artwaste.land/strata/set-by-another-clock/ and its data.json 404; /strata/the-rubber-second/ and /strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/ 200 as controls). Reader check on local copies of eb40e0eb36 (git show into an empty directory: index.html, data.json, engine.mjs, app.mjs, verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs): `AW_DIR=<dir> node verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs --online` exit 0, 856 passed, 0 failed (127 member passages from the nineteen live member pages and rss.xml; four online source checks: two bipm.org resolutions, zapatopi Thomson 1862, the Proc. RSE 4 extract); `--mutate` exit 0, 862 passed, 0 failed, ten plants caught. In the repository, `node verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs --fast` exit 0, 873 passed, 0 failed. At e338da2e6f the same reader run was exit 1 (693 passed, 1 failed: "Newcomb's Tables of the Sun of 1895" stood in no typed fragment), and in-repo --fast 708/1. Step 6: the page prints no run of its check; figures changed in one prose sentence (dek "98 million", dek "about 1820", "fifteen days", "In 1895") each turn it red (850 passed, 2 failed). Of the 22 MINOR lines, the 15 that carry their own finding are counted in wrong; the 7 that only follow from another finding (dek-ends, ends-overlap, ends-gravestones, ends-languages, m060, kelvin-account, the Kelvin relates note) are counted in confirmed.

## Claims
- CONFIRMED | returns a 95.4% highest-posterior-density region made of several disjoint calendar intervals spanning roughly three and a half centuries | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m001 (radiocarbon: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A conventional radiocarbon age in years BP is not a calendar age. It is a transform of the measured isotope ratio | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m002 (radiocarbon: the carbon-14 left in it): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The mean life 8033 years is fixed by convention, not by physics: it is 5568/ln 2, and 5568 years is Libby's original half-life, which is known to be wrong. | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m003 (radiocarbon: Libby's half-life, wrong and kept): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | It only cancels because the curve is published on the same convention as the sample. | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m004 (radiocarbon: Libby's half-life, wrong and kept, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | was fixed at AD 1950 | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m005 (radiocarbon: "present" is 1950): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A calendar date is what you get after pushing that number backwards through a curve built from tree rings | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m006 (radiocarbon: the calibration curve): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | tree rings counted one by one to about 13,900 cal BP | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m007 (radiocarbon: rings, counted): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | What you do instead is find the year the weather went wrong and look for it in everything else that was standing. | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m008 (radiocarbon: matched before counted): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Crossdating returns the calendar year of a ring. | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m009 (radiocarbon: matched before counted, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | a core taken from a living tree has a known outermost year, because someone was standing there with a borer in a year they wrote down | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m010 (radiocarbon: a living tree, a written year): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 22.86 ± 0.32 to 21.13 ± 0.25 ka | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m011 (white-sands: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 19,010 ± 120 radiocarbon years | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m012 (white-sands: carbon-14 in each seed): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | If the lake water carried carbon dissolved from old rock, carbon whose radiocarbon had long since decayed, every seed would read older than it is. | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m013 (white-sands: what the lake water held): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The sources agree on no ancient value of R; the slider explores an assumption, it does not measure one. | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m014 (white-sands: what the lake water held, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Each raw age is calibrated against IntCal20 with a uniform calendar prior on a one-year grid. | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m015 (white-sands: the calibration curve): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | and beyond that a statistical integration of speleothems, corals, and marine and lake sediments on their own timescales | public/strata/where-the-curve-goes-flat/index.html | m016 (white-sands: past the rings, other archives): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Every one of the 48 Arizona cores lands on its published year against the Colorado chronology | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m017 (arizona-cores: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 45,411 published ring measurements from 109 cores in three collections | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m018 (arizona-cores: ring widths): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | You cannot date a piece of wood by counting its rings | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m019 (arizona-cores: counting alone fails): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | the error of unchecked counting in the Arizona pines was 4 per cent | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m020 (arizona-cores: counting alone fails, what the layer found): Douglass's 1919 sentence (Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth I, p. 15), which the member quotes; the tray shows it as "What the layer found"
- CONFIRMED | Roughly half the cores produce a "significant" match at a date that is certainly wrong. | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m021 (arizona-cores: the same bad years, matched, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | twenty square metres of 150-year-old rock comes out at a median of 192 years | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m022 (lichen: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Find the largest lichen on the surface, measure it, and read its age off a curve built from surfaces whose age you already know | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m023 (lichen: the largest lichen): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | surfaces whose age you already know, such as gravestones, dated walls and moraines from glacier fronts that someone drew on a map | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m024 (lichen: a growth curve): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Each tenfold increase in the area searched adds about 30 years | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m025 (lichen: a growth curve, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- WRONG | nine gravestones in the Hagensborg graveyard | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m026 (lichen: gravestones): on the member page, but these are control points of the published Larocque and Smith (2004) curve; the tray's date ("150 years old, read as 192") is read through the member's model curve ("This moraine is a model, not a photograph"; "The calibration curve it is read against was built the same way, on surfaces of known age, each searched over one square metre"), so these gravestones did not set that clock
- WRONG | moraines dated by the oldest tree growing on them, by cross-dated fossil wood or by radiocarbon | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | m027 (lichen: trees and wood): same as m026 (Larocque and Smith's moraines, not the model curve behind 192 years); the label "trees and wood" also drops "or by radiocarbon"
- CONFIRMED | where the ice is 807,900 years old | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m028 (ice-bottom: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Not by counting. | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m029 (ice-bottom: not counted): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A model of snowfall and ice flow gives a first guess at the age of every depth | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m030 (ice-bottom: a model of snow and flow): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | the guess is pinned wherever the ice carries a date of its own | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m031 (ice-bottom: pinned at tie points): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | dated independently to 776,000 ± 12,000 years | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m032 (ice-bottom: a reversal of the field): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | which follow the slow cycles of Earth's orbit | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m033 (ice-bottom: the Earth's orbit): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | major boundaries at 1.0, 2.5, and 3.4 million years | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m034 (stripes: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | related the central pattern to reversals dated in rocks on land | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m035 (stripes: reversals, dated in lava): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A half-spreading rate turns each land-dated age into a one-sided distance from the ridge | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m036 (stripes: a spreading rate): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | the zero at 4.5 is a dimensional identity | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m037 (stripes: a spreading rate, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Cox, Doell, and Dalrymple assembled paleomagnetic directions and potassium-argon ages from volcanic rocks. | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m038 (stripes: potassium-argon): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | With his values it says 97.5 million years, and he printed 98 | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m039 (kelvin: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Go down a mine and it gets warmer, about one degree Fahrenheit for every fifty feet. | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m040 (kelvin: the heat gradient): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | If the Earth began molten and has been cooling ever since | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m041 (kelvin: a molten start): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Kelvin put the numbers into a solution Fourier had already written down | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m042 (kelvin: how heat diffuses): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | he had worked out from Principal Forbes's thermometers buried in three places near Edinburgh. | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m043 (kelvin: Forbes's thermometers): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | Kelvin's clock needs a starting temperature, a conductivity and a diffusivity. | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m044 (kelvin: three numbers, no dated thing): from the member's section 2, its own seafloor run ("We fixed them before looking, at round textbook values for the mantle: 1,300 degrees, 3.3 W per metre per kelvin, 1 mm² per second"), used as the root of Kelvin's 1862 chain; section 1 gives "his own three inputs": starting temperature, gradient, diffusivity (Thomson §10 used one number, "the conductivity, in terms of the thermal capacity of unit volume"); the root kind, nothing dated, is unaffected
- MINOR | if there is even only ten times the conductivity inside, it would practically mean that Lord Kelvin's age of the earth must be multiplied by 56 | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | m045 (kelvin: three numbers, no dated thing, what the layer found): Perry's sentence (Nature 51, 3 Jan 1895, verbatim in archive.org sim_nature-uk_1895-01-03_51_1314), shown as "What the layer found"
- CONFIRMED | The clock puts Children of Heracles about 431, Andromache and Suppliants about 425, Hecuba 423, Electra 422, Heracles 421, Ion 417, Iphigenia among the Taurians 416. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m046 (euripides: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | the number of syllables minus twelve | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m047 (euripides: extra syllables, counted): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Euripides allowed himself very few of them early in his career, and more and more as it went on. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m048 (euripides: more of them every year): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The typical miss is 5.3 years, not five. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m049 (euripides: more of them every year, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Eight plays have a date from outside the verse. These are the anchors. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m050 (euripides: eight dated plays): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | For a few the date of the first performance is on record, because the ancient summary attached to the play (the hypothesis) copies the official production list, or because another writer mentions it. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m051 (euripides: the production list, or another writer): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The verse puts Suppliants in among Persians and Seven, at about 468 | public/strata/the-clock-only-euripides-kept/index.html | m052 (aeschylus: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | His rate falls as the years go on, by roughly one resolution per hundred lines every three years. | public/strata/the-clock-only-euripides-kept/index.html | m053 (aeschylus: his own rate, falling): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- WRONG | Persians, staged in 472, comes out 44 years late | public/strata/the-clock-only-euripides-kept/index.html | m054 (aeschylus: his own rate, falling, what the layer found): the member's result for Euripides' clock borrowed for Aeschylus (section "Borrow Euripides' clock": "It puts every one of them in the four or five years around 430 BC. Persians, staged in 472, comes out 44 years late"), shown under "his own rate, falling"; for his own rate the member says "Aeschylus passes: the typical miss is under two years"
- CONFIRMED | The years come from the production notices copied into the ancient summaries of the plays. | public/strata/the-clock-only-euripides-kept/index.html | m055 (aeschylus: five dated plays): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | English and German begin diverging about 716 A.D. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m056 (english-german: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Lees printed F = .585, from 124 cognates among 212 compared words, and a retention constant k = .805. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m057 (english-german: shared basic words): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | The attested panel fits a separate single-lineage retention rate for each of 14 ancestor-to-descendant pairs. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m058 (english-german: how fast words are replaced): the member's IE-CoR refit ("Their mean becomes the 'refit' option above"), not what set Lees's k = .805 behind 716 A.D.; the member does not say what set .805
- CONFIRMED | A good average does not make every pair obey it. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m059 (english-german: how fast words are replaced, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | The depths are historical ranges collapsed to Lees-style midpoints: Old English 1.0 millennia, Old High German 1.1, Old Icelandic 1.02, Latin 2.15, and Ancient Greek 2.2. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m060 (english-german: languages with a written past): the refit panel's depths, not Lees's 1953 calibration; the kind (written) is right for Lees in the world, but the quoted sentence is about the refit
- CONFIRMED | The exact eruption day remains unsettled. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m061 (pompeii: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | There is one cardboard scrap on the table. It can be read as non., a day word, or nov., a month word. It cannot be two scraps. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m062 (pompeii: a phrase in Pliny's manuscripts): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Roman calendar arithmetic is inclusive. The ninth day before the Kalends of November counts November 1 as day one, so it lands on October 24. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m063 (pompeii: Roman days, counted inclusively): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Ordinary subtraction by nine would land a day early. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m064 (pompeii: Roman days, counted inclusively, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | August 24 is the unanimous date reported by the oldest witnesses, but archaeology may still challenge Pliny. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m065 (pompeii: the manuscripts): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | October 24 has zero evidentiary basis in the manuscript tradition. | public/strata/the-date-made-from-one-word-twice/index.html | m066 (pompeii: the manuscripts, what the layer found): Foss's published conclusion ("Foss's broader published conclusion is the anchor: ..."), shown as "What the layer found"
- CONFIRMED | Compute that eclipse without the clock correction and the umbra is over Morocco, 4,592 km west of the city. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m067 (eclipse: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | In 136 BC the Babylonians watched Venus, Mercury, Jupiter and Mars come out in the middle of the morning | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m068 (eclipse: a tablet: planets out at mid-morning): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | gravitation runs on TT, a uniform time. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m069 (eclipse: the Moon on uniform time): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Drag it until the band covers the city, and read off how late the Earth was. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m070 (eclipse: turn the Earth until the shadow covers the city): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | So the slider is not a fudge factor. It is the measurement. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m071 (eclipse: turn the Earth until the shadow covers the city, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | pins the Earth's rotational position at that instant to the width of that spot. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m072 (eclipse: the record says where): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The identifications are inherited, not derived. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m073 (eclipse: the record says where, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | JPL DE441 part 1 for everything before 1960 and DE440 after, read through Skyfield. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | m074 (eclipse: the Moon, computed): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | On the Almagest it returns 289 BC with a one-sigma interval running from 606 BC to AD 119, and removing a single star out of 993 moves that answer by 377 years, more than the whole question spans. | src/content/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is.md | m075 (almagest: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A star catalogue is a list of positions, and positions go stale. | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | m076 (almagest: star positions, gone stale): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | One way of asking answers to the year and should not be believed for a moment. | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | m077 (almagest: precession: not to be believed): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The other is honest and very nearly blind. | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | m078 (almagest: the stars' own motions: nearly blind): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA SP-1200 (1997) | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | m079 (almagest: a satellite's catalogue): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- WRONG | Five of the six catalogues have dates on the public record, which is the only reason we can tell which is which. | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | m080 (almagest: five catalogues with known dates): the member uses the five dated catalogues as its test ("they are the only reason any of this is checkable"); its clocks are set by precession ("precession alone sets the date") and Hipparcos proper motions; read as a written root, it adds the ninth written root and the third fork
- CONFIRMED | exactly 9:08 p.m. local mean time | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | m081 (moonrise: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | “near azimuth 126°” and “between 4½° and 4¾° in altitude” | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | m082 (moonrise: a Moon behind a ridge): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A nearly full Moon could rise behind it in evening twilight, they found, on only two dates in 1889, 16 May and 13 July; the reaped wheat in stacks rules out May. | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | m083 (moonrise: every evening of 1889, searched): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | astronomy-engine 2.1.19 by Don Cross | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | m084 (moonrise: the sky, computed twice): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | azimuth and altitude agree to 0.001° | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | m085 (moonrise: the sky, computed twice, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | In 1766 the Astronomer Royal promised that the Moon tables behind his new Nautical Almanac were seldom wrong by 20 seconds of arc, so a navigator's longitude would generally be good to 10 miles. | public/strata/seldom-amounting-to-twenty-seconds/index.html | m086 (lunars: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | these were the tables of Tobias Mayer of Göttingen, the best in the world, for which the Board of Longitude paid his widow £3,000. | public/strata/seldom-amounting-to-twenty-seconds/index.html | m087 (lunars: Mayer's Moon): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 96% of the variance in the printed distances was the Moon theory. | public/strata/seldom-amounting-to-twenty-seconds/index.html | m088 (lunars: Mayer's Moon, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | Here are all 1,816 lunar distances printed for four months of 1767, transcribed twice and checked against where the Moon really was. | public/strata/seldom-amounting-to-twenty-seconds/index.html | m089 (lunars: the Moon, recomputed): the member's 2026 DE440 check of the 1767 almanac, not what set Mayer's tables; the kind (sky) is unaffected
- MINOR | the true one computed from NASA JPL's DE440 ephemeris for the same instant of Greenwich apparent time. | public/strata/seldom-amounting-to-twenty-seconds/index.html | m090 (lunars: the Moon, recomputed, what the layer found): a description of method, shown as "What the layer found"
- CONFIRMED | accounts for about four fifths of the 4.5 km the wreck lies east of the X | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m091 (endurance: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | the sun's height in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, compared with Greenwich time on the chronometer | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m092 (endurance: the Sun against the chronometer): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | One second of error on the chronometer is fifteen seconds of arc of longitude, 169 metres east or west at this latitude. | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m093 (endurance: longitude is time): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The chronometers were last checked against the sky on 15 September, by timing stars as the Moon covered them, using the Nautical Almanac's predictions. | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m094 (endurance: the clock, set by the Moon): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The published paper gives the difference as “an average of 20 s”. | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m095 (endurance: the clock, set by the Moon, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | re-reduced those 1915 occultations using modern lunar ephemerides and star catalogues | public/strata/where-did-the-endurance-sink/index.html | m096 (endurance: the Moon, recomputed): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | land between 22 Jan 1970 and 5 Feb 1970: 15 days, where in SI seconds they spread over 330 | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | m097 (plaque: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | that pulsar's period, counted in units of the period of the hydrogen atom's radio line | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | m098 (plaque: fourteen pulsar periods): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The date on which the pulsar spun at the plaque's rate is where F0 + F1 t equals one over the true period. | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | m099 (plaque: each pulsar slowing): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | a UTC second was 3.0 parts in a hundred million longer than an atomic one | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | m100 (plaque: a second stretched to the Earth): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The second stopped being something the Earth defines and became something the Earth is measured against. | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m101 (plaque: the second leaves the Earth): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 27 steps fall out for 27 leap seconds, 23 of them on the exact announced day. | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m102 (leap-seconds: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 23,560 daily measurements of how long the Earth actually took to turn | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m103 (leap-seconds: how long each day took): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Start on 1 January 1972 with the published offset, add up the measured excess of each day | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m104 (leap-seconds: the excess, added up): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The departure of UTC from UT1 should not exceed ± 0.9 s. | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m105 (leap-seconds: a tolerance): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Set the tolerance to the 0.9 s the standard prints and the machine produces the right number of leap seconds, 27, but puts most of them six months late. | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m106 (leap-seconds: a tolerance, what the layer found): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | From 1998 the C04 length of day comes from GPS and UT1 comes from VLBI | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | m107 (leap-seconds: the Earth, timed by GPS and VLBI): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Read that as what it is: not a claim that runways were repainted in 2002, but a summary statistic. The world's runway numbering is, in aggregate, a photograph of a magnetic field about a quarter of a century old. | public/strata/the-north-the-paint-remembers/index.html | m108 (runways: the date): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The runway's true bearing is a geodesic azimuth between its two published threshold coordinates on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. | public/strata/the-north-the-paint-remembers/index.html | m109 (runways: the true bearing): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | It is a property of the runway and the date. Earth's field drifts, the paint does not | public/strata/the-north-the-paint-remembers/index.html | m110 (runways: the field drifts): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The field model is IGRF-14, running in your browser from the coefficient table the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy publish. | public/strata/the-north-the-paint-remembers/index.html | m111 (runways: a model of the field, year by year): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Field model: IGRF-14 coefficients, IAGA via NOAA NCEI. | public/strata/the-north-the-paint-remembers/index.html | m112 (runways: the coefficients): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Asking whether 47 of them can date the 48th is asking whether a collection agrees with itself. | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m113 (circle: the 48th core and the other 47): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | Both collections were dated by crossdating in the first place. | public/strata/every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year/index.html | m114 (circle: two chronologies and one method): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | This agreement is not evidence: those handbook dates were reached largely by this same count, so the clock is just agreeing with itself. | public/strata/how-euripides-plays-are-dated/index.html | m115 (circle: the handbook dates and the count): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The three plays of the Oresteia vouch for each other: leave Agamemnon out, and Libation Bearers and Eumenides are still there saying 458. | public/strata/the-clock-only-euripides-kept/index.html | m116 (circle: three plays and one production): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | A shared error would move all three pollen dates together, and three agreeing dates could not detect it. | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m117 (circle: three pollen dates and one assumption): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | 7 of that paper's 11 authors had also written the 2021 paper | public/strata/the-seeds-beneath-the-steps/index.html | m118 (circle: the verifying paper and the original paper): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- MINOR | the accumulation and thinning columns are AICC2012's background model, adjusted to the tie points; they are not observed layer by layer. | public/strata/how-old-is-the-bottom-of-an-ice-core/index.html | m119 (circle: the model and its tie points): the member's "What is modelled, not measured" note; it says what is modelled, not that a check is non-independent (near-miss for the circles list)
- CONFIRMED | The target distances are themselves generated from 4.5 cm/year, so the zero at 4.5 is a dimensional identity, not an independent recovery. | public/strata/seafloor-magnetic-stripes/index.html | m120 (circle: the target distances and the rate): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The same 14 pairs estimate the refitted constant and then receive it back. | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | m121 (circle: the rate and the pairs it is tested on): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | That catalogue refers its solutions for two of the five, B0329+54 and B1642-03, to days in February 1970 itself, so for them it is a second clock rather than a second witness. | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | m122 (circle: the plaque and a catalogue timed in February 1970): verbatim on the member page; found on the live member pages by the reader-side run at eb40e0eb36 (127 passages, 0 failed) and by scripts/check-sources.mjs; use read in context and fair
- CONFIRMED | The second is the fraction 1/31 556 925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time. | https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/11-1960/resolution-9 | s01: verbatim on bipm.org (fetched 2026-11-08; FOUND by assay/sources.mjs --online)
- CONFIRMED | the observations analysed by Newcomb, ranging in date from 1750 to 1892 | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s02: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | Photographs of the Moon and surrounding stars were taken by the USNO dual-rate Moon camera over the period 1955.50 to 1958.25 to determine the Ephemeris Time from the position of the Moon at a known UT2. | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s03: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | 9 192 631 770 Hz with a probable error of ± 20 Hz | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s04: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | The principal uncertainty arose from the astronomical measurements themselves. | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s05: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom | https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/13-1967/resolution-1 | s06: verbatim on bipm.org (fetched 2026-11-08; FOUND by assay/sources.mjs --online)
- CONFIRMED | The SI second is equivalent to the second of Ephemeris Time, which in turn is equal to the mean solar second of the early nineteenth century. | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s07: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | The epoch at which the mean solar day was exactly 86 400 SI seconds was approximately 1820. | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s08: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | the insertion of leap seconds is due to the fact that the present length of the mean solar day is about 2.5 ms longer than a day of precisely 86 400 SI seconds | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s09: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | a mean of values of the conductivity, in terms of the thermal capacity of unit volume, of the earth’s crust, in three different localities near Edinburgh, which I have deduced from the observations on underground temperature instituted by Principal Forbes there | https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html | s10: verbatim at zapatopi, §10 (FOUND online)
- CONFIRMED | the first having a year for its period, the second a half year, the third a third part of a year, and so on. | https://doi.org/10.1017/S037016460003443X | s11: verbatim in the publisher's extract (Cambridge Core, Proc. RSE 4 (1862) 342; FOUND online)
- CONFIRMED | The epoch at which the mean solar day was exactly 86 400 SI seconds was approximately 1820. This is also the approximate mean epoch of the observations analysed by Newcomb, ranging in date from 1750 to 1892, that resulted in the definition of the second of Ephemeris Time from which the SI second was derived | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | s12: verbatim in an independent pdftotext extraction of the kept PDF research/the-rubber-second/sources/utc/nelson2001-metrologia-leap-second.pdf (byte-identical to https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf); context read, use fair
- CONFIRMED | The Artificial Wasteland followed nineteen of its own dating layers down | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/data.json | dek-layers: data.json: 19 members; recomputed by the check (C)
- MINOR | Nine of the chains reach a date someone wrote down, eight reach the sky, four reach a place where their layers stop saying (three reach two of these), and one reaches nothing dated at all | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/data.json | dek-ends: arithmetic right from data.json (9/8/4/1, 3 forks), but rests on m080: without the Almagest written root it is eight written and two forks
- CONFIRMED | Kelvin’s 98 million years for the age of the Earth | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | dek-kelvin: member "he printed 98"; Thomson §10 (zapatopi): "we may suppose the consolidation to have taken place 98,000,000 years ago"
- CONFIRMED | about a forty-sixth of the age measured in 1956 | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | dek-forty-sixth: 4.55e9 / 98e6 = 46.4
- CONFIRMED | The caesium count that defines it was timed from 1955 to 1958 against photographs of the Moon | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | dek-moon: Nelson: "over the period 1955.50 to 1958.25"
- CONFIRMED | a mean solar day of about 1820 was exactly 86,400 of them | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | dek-1820: Nelson: "The epoch at which the mean solar day was exactly 86 400 SI seconds was approximately 1820."
- CONFIRMED | timed by nothing but the year | https://doi.org/10.1017/S037016460003443X | dek-year: Proc. RSE 4 extract: the reduction of Forbes's thermometers by harmonic terms, "the first having a year for its period"
- CONFIRMED | chains cross from one layer into another before they stop | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/data.json | ends-counts: radiocarbon, White Sands, lichen, plaque cross layers; recomputed
- CONFIRMED | into a paper on the history of the second | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | ends-paper: plaque and leap seconds end in Nelson steps
- CONFIRMED | and Kelvin’s into two papers of his own | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | ends-kelvin-papers: Kelvin chain has two Thomson source steps (1862, 1860)
- MINOR | nine gravestones in the Hagensborg graveyard | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | ends-gravestones: on the member page, but see m026: the gravestones do not underlie the tray's lichen date
- MINOR | the written past of five languages | public/strata/when-two-languages-split/index.html | ends-languages: the five languages are the member's refit panel (m060), not what set Lees's 716 A.D.
- MINOR | Three reach two of these ends, so the counts overlap. | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/data.json | ends-overlap: arithmetic right (22 - 19 = 3: ice, eclipse, Almagest), but the Almagest fork rests on m080
- CONFIRMED | stand on something their layers do not name | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/engine.mjs | cut-both: White Sands, ice, stripes, runways end in stops; recomputed
- CONFIRMED | needs no dated thing at all | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | kelvin-only: Kelvin root "nothing dated"; with the Thomson steps, his rate is timed by a period, not a dated thing
- MINOR | in its own layer’s account, needs no dated thing at all | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | kelvin-account: the excerpt is the member's seafloor-run sentence (see m044); the member's own account of 1862 is section 1 (temperature, gradient, diffusivity from Forbes's thermometers)
- CONFIRMED | It was still timed by a clock: the year. | https://doi.org/10.1017/S037016460003443X | kelvin-timed: Proc. RSE 4 (1862) 342: "The varying temperature during a year, shown by any one of the underground thermometers on an average for a series of years, is expressed ... in a trigonometrical series"
- CONFIRMED | Kelvin, then William Thomson, had reduced those observations himself | https://doi.org/10.1017/S037016460003443X | kelvin-thomson: title of Thomson's paper, Proc. RSE 4 (1862) 342-346 (Cambridge Core extract)
- CONFIRMED | So Kelvin’s 98 million years are counted in Edinburgh’s seasons. | https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html | kelvin-seasons: Thomson §11: "the differences in the ratios of conductivities to specific heats of the three Edinburgh rocks"; with s11, the rate came from Edinburgh's annual wave
- CONFIRMED | every clock on this tray counts in a year or a second taken from the sky | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | unit-tray: Nelson: "The SI second is equivalent to the second of Ephemeris Time, which in turn is equal to the mean solar second of the early nineteenth century."
- CONFIRMED | Every clock here counts in years or seconds, and the year and the second come from the sky. | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | unit-limits: as unit-tray
- CONFIRMED | the buttons take away dated things, not the unit | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/engine.mjs | unit-cut: engine.mjs cutRoots removes only root kinds written and sky
- CONFIRMED | That is why Kelvin’s still stands without the sky, though the year timed its rate. | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/engine.mjs | kelvin-stands: engine.mjs: the nothing-dated path survives both cuts; check C passes
- MINOR | Eleven times, in nine of these layers, the layer stopped to say so in its own words. | public/strata/set-by-another-clock/data.json | circles-count: the list counts right (11 in 9), but the leap-second layer says so too and is not listed: "Two columns of one file are not fully independent. ... Before 1998 the two share sources and the comparison is weaker." (public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html); the page also says "The eleven above are the ones the layers name themselves"
- MINOR | has totality over the city that wrote it, and an Earth spinning at today’s rate would have put the shadow over Morocco, 4,592 km away | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | tablet: the member's condition is "without the clock correction" (Delta T = 0, an Earth that never fell behind uniform time), not "an Earth spinning at today's rate"; by the page's own Nelson figure (today's day 2.5 ms long) today's rate would put the shadow hundreds of km from the 4,592 km position
- CONFIRMED | Olson, Doescher and Olson dated van Gogh’s Moonrise to 9:08 in the evening of 13 July 1889 from the Moon and a ridge | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | olson: member; Texas State press release 2003-06-10 and Sky & Telescope 106(1), July 2003, 54-58: 9:08 p.m. local mean time, 13 July 1889 (https://news.txst.edu/about/news-archive/press-releases/2003/06/moonrise061003.html)
- CONFIRMED | The letters edition now dates letter 790 by it. | public/strata/nothing-but-the-morning-star/index.html | letter-790: member; the letters edition, letter 789 Date (to which letter 790 refers): "He must have painted the moonrise on the evening of 13 July (see Olson et al. 2003)"
- CONFIRMED | In 1960 the General Conference on Weights and Measures ratified a definition taken from the year | https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/11-1960/resolution-9 | cgpm-1960: bipm.org: "ratifies the following definition"
- CONFIRMED | That year came from Newcomb’s Tables of the Sun of 1895 | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | newcomb: Nelson: "as represented by Newcomb's Tables of the Sun published in 1895"; the 1900 tropical year from Newcomb's formula = 31 556 925.9747 s
- CONFIRMED | written down by observers over nearly a century and a half | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | observers: Nelson: 1750 to 1892, 142 years
- CONFIRMED | Against them the caesium standard at the National Physical Laboratory came out at | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | npl: Nelson: "Louis Essen and J. V. L. Parry of the NPL measured the operational resonance frequency of the laboratory's caesium standard"
- CONFIRMED | In 1967 that count became the definition | https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cg/cgpm/13-1967/resolution-1 | cgpm-1967: bipm.org: "The SI unit of time is the second defined as follows"
- CONFIRMED | One layer here integrates the measured length of every day since 1972 and finds that | public/strata/the-day-is-not-86400/index.html | leap-layer: member: "Start on 1 January 1972 with the published offset, add up the measured excess of each day"
- CONFIRMED | Another reads the Pioneer plaque’s pulsar periods in the seconds UTC kept from 1966 to 1971, stretched to keep pace with the Earth’s turning, and five of them fall within fifteen days of one another in early 1970 | public/strata/the-rubber-second/index.html | plaque: member dek; the member quotes the USNO rule, 0.002592 s a day from 1 January 1966 to the end of 1971 (3.0e-8)
- CONFIRMED | In 1862 Kelvin dated the Earth from the heat coming out of it. | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | kelvin-1862: member; Thomson, read 28 April 1862 (zapatopi header)
- CONFIRMED | If the Earth began molten, a gentler gradient means a longer cooling | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | kelvin-molten: member: "a body that has cooled for longer has a gentler gradient at its skin"
- CONFIRMED | In 1895 John Perry, a former assistant of Kelvin’s, doubted not the arithmetic but the body | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | perry: member; Nature 51 (3 Jan 1895) 224-227, verbatim in the archive.org scan; Perry was Kelvin's assistant at Glasgow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perry_(engineer), citing New Scientist 1979)
- CONFIRMED | In 1956 Clair Patterson measured lead isotopes in meteorites and got | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | patterson: member; abstract (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956GeCoA..10..230P/abstract): "Pb207/Pb206 gives an age of 4.55 ± 0.07 × 10⁹ yr"
- CONFIRMED | is about a forty-sixth of that | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | kelvin-share: 4.55e9 / 98e6 = 46.4
- OBSERVED | Luminescence dating comes up only inside the White Sands layer, uranium-series dating has no layer here, and the molecular clock appears once, as a date one layer cites and none runs. | recreated: grep -l -i -E over src/content/strata/*.md and public/strata/*/{index.html,*.js,*.mjs,*.json} for luminescen/OSL/thermolum, uranium-series/U-series/uranium.thorium/U-Th dat/U/Th/230Th, molecular.clock; control: radiocarbon hits 20 layers | luminescence: author's three statements hold; the wider scope added only false positives (the Thayer URL "edu/Thayer" matches u/th; word lists contain "luminescence"; is-fire-a-plasma is chemiluminescence)
- CONFIRMED | the calibration curve beyond 13,900 years, potassium-argon ages, the reversal that pins the bottom of the Dome C ice, and the magnetic field model the runways are read against | research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs | four-stop: data.json stops roots: White Sands, ice, stripes, runways
- OBSERVED | was being re-read against its sources by the assay line when this page quoted it | assay/holds.json | held: holds every-tree-wrote-the-same-bad-year: "the assay line, batch claude-1101 (claude-assaying-boyle-1014, 2026-11-01): being re-read source first"
- CONFIRMED | as a date one layer cites and none runs | public/strata/the-crossover-at-twenty-two-degrees/index.html | molecular: the-crossover-at-twenty-two-degrees: "grass C4 lineages by Bayesian molecular clock" (cited, not run)
- MINOR | every figure in the tray’s own labels is in that chain’s quotations or in a member’s passage the check names | verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs | check-labels: digits and the listed number words are frozen in data.json labels (my planted 423->433 was caught), but "a quarter" -> "a third" in the runways label passed (852/0: LABEL_FIGURE has no fractions or ordinals), and the no-script HTML list is not compared with data.json outside the repository (a Kelvin "Ends: nothing dated." -> "Ends: someone wrote it down." in the list passed 852/0)
- OBSERVED | runs all nineteen members’ own checks | research/set-by-another-clock/OBSERVATIONS.md | check-members: "nineteen of nineteen passed (728 checks passed, 0 failed, in that run)"; the code runs all nineteen (VERIFIERS); not recreated (needs the 5.2 GB tree; --fast only, 873 passed, 0 failed at eb40e0eb36)
- CONFIRMED | The leap second: its history and possible future | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | cite-nelson: Crossref 10.1088/0026-1394/38/6/6: "The leap second: its history and possible future"
- CONFIRMED | On the Secular Cooling of the Earth | https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_the_secular_cooling_of_the_earth.html | cite-thomson1862: zapatopi header: Trans. RSE XXIII, 1864, read April 28, 1862
- CONFIRMED | On the Reduction of Observations of Underground Temperature, with applications to Professor Forbes’ Edinburgh Observations and the continued Calton Hill Series | https://doi.org/10.1017/S037016460003443X | cite-thomson1860: Cambridge Core: Proc. RSE 4 (1862) 342-346, DOI 10.1017/S037016460003443X
- CONFIRMED | Frequency of Cesium in Terms of Ephemeris Time | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105 | cite-markowitz: Crossref 10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105: title matches
- MINOR | Before telescopes, the best record of how the Earth turned is people writing down where the Sun went out. | public/strata/where-the-shadow-fell/index.html | added: the member says "Most of the ancient ΔT record is timed lunar eclipses, which are the larger half of the published dataset. Only the untimed solar eclipses are rebuilt here"; "best" is unsupported
- MINOR | The leap seconds are the Earth of today being measured against the Earth of about 1820: the insertion of leap seconds is due to the fact that the present length of the mean solar day is about 2.5 ms longer than a day of precisely 86 400 SI seconds | research/set-by-another-clock/sources/nelson2001-columns.txt | added: Nelson's "present" is 2001, and his next lines say "at present, the day is actually closer to 86 400 SI seconds and leap seconds have not been required"; the member the-day-is-not-86400 says "since 2020 the typical day has been shorter than 86,400 seconds"
- CONFIRMED | R. A. Nelson, D. D. McCarthy, S. Malys, J. Levine, B. Guinot, H. F. Fliegel, R. L. Beard and T. R. Bartholomew, ... Metrologia 38 (2001) 509 to 529 | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1088/0026-1394/38/6/6 | added: Crossref gives the same eight authors, Metrologia 38(6), 509-529, December 2001
- CONFIRMED | W. Markowitz, R. G. Hall, L. Essen and J. V. L. Parry, Frequency of Cesium in Terms of Ephemeris Time, Physical Review Letters 1 (1958) 105 to 107 | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105 | added: Crossref: W. Markowitz; R. Glenn Hall; L. Essen; J. V. L. Parry; PRL 1(3) 105-107, 1 August 1958
- MINOR | the published check says Nelson and others (2001) "is not free to read" (header line 44, and every --online run prints "G: nelson2001 is not free to read online") | https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf | added: HTTP 200, application/pdf, 390,144 bytes, byte-identical to the kept PDF (sha256 c33d4d213f1d6b78499d09595846e8fe33d1328ae3d41b8b763c457cb4e3363c); research/the-rubber-second/sources/NOTES.md:117 names this URL as its source
- MINOR | the Nelson source step "caesium, timed against the Moon" carries "What the layer found: The principal uncertainty arose from the astronomical measurements themselves." | research/set-by-another-clock/build-page.mjs | added: build-page.mjs:99 and app.mjs:75 label every found "What the layer found", including this step, which is a source (Nelson 2001), not a layer
- WRONG | relates note to ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is: "Two clocks in a star catalogue, precession and the stars' own motions, set by a satellite's catalogue and by five catalogues whose dates are on record." | public/strata/ask-a-catalogue-what-year-it-is/index.html | added: the member: the five known dates "are the only reason any of this is checkable", and "precession alone sets the date"; the dated catalogues test the two clocks, they do not set them
- WRONG | relates note to lichenometry: "A growth curve set by gravestones and by trees, so one date with two roots, both of them a year somebody wrote down." | public/strata/lichenometry/index.html | added: the one date (192 years) comes through the member's model curve ("This moraine is a model, not a photograph"); the gravestones and trees are the published Larocque and Smith curve's control points
- MINOR | relates note to kelvin-age-of-the-earth: "The one chain with nothing dated under it: a clock that needs a temperature, a conductivity and a diffusivity, timed only by the year." | public/strata/kelvin-age-of-the-earth/index.html | added: the three inputs are those of the member's seafloor run (see m044); Kelvin's 1862 clock needs a starting temperature, the gradient and a diffusivity

## Findings
- [fixed] HIGH (at e338da2e6f): Kelvin's chain was "the one clock here that no other clock set" (dek), root "no other clock", "No other clock set it, so no other clock could check it". His one rate number was "a mean of values of the conductivity, in terms of the thermal capacity of unit volume, ... which I have deduced from the observations on underground temperature instituted by Principal Forbes" (Secular Cooling §10), and Thomson reduced those observations by harmonic terms, "the first having a year for its period" (Proc. RSE 4 (1862) 342), so the year timed the rate. Fixed in da63af1916 and 85b9c210bf: root "nothing dated", two Thomson source steps, dek "timed by nothing but the year", the unit stated under "What this page does not show".
- [fixed] MED (at e338da2e6f): the page's own check was red as committed: the stray figure "Newcomb's Tables of the Sun of 1895" stood in no typed fragment (reader-side --online 693 passed, 1 failed; in-repo --fast 708/1). Fixed in da63af1916; at HEAD 856/0, --mutate 862/0, --fast 873/0.
- [fixed] MINOR: the check section said the check "checks that every figure in the prose is one it computed", though most prose figures are pinned in TYPED, not computed. Now "is one of those counts or stands in a sentence the check names" (da63af1916).
- [fixed] MINOR: "each of the 123 sentences this page quotes from a member" counted only the tray's and circles' quotations. Now "122 sentences the tray and the circles quote ... and every other quotation" (da63af1916).
- [fixed] MINOR: the Almagest label "289 BC, give or take three centuries" described a one-sigma interval reaching 317 years before and 407 after. Now "289 BC, one sigma from 606 BC to AD 119" (eb40e0eb36).
- [fixed] MINOR: the plain frontmatter said "Every way of dating something ... had to be set against something already dated", against the page's own exception. Now "Almost every way" (85b9c210bf).
- [fixed] MINOR: "two go one step past this ground altogether", though each went two tray blocks into Nelson. Now "three go past this ground altogether" (85b9c210bf).
- [fixed] MINOR (step 6, labels): at da63af1916 a figure changed only in a data.json label passed from outside (planted "Hecuba about 433": 693 passed, 0 failed). At HEAD it fails ("B: euripides: every figure in ... is in the chain's quotations or named with its source"), as do changed figures in a root note and a circle pair. The rest is the open check-labels note below.
- [fixed] MED (m054): under Aeschylus's own rate the tray shows "What the layer found: Persians, staged in 472, comes out 44 years late", which the member gets with Euripides' clock borrowed ("Borrow Euripides' clock ... It puts every one of them in the four or five years around 430 BC"). For his own rate the member says "Aeschylus passes: the typical miss is under two years". Fix at research/set-by-another-clock/chains.mjs:323. Fixed: the step's report is now the member's own result for his rate, "Aeschylus passes: the typical miss is under two years".
- [fixed] MED (m080, A7, dek-ends, ends-overlap): the Almagest's "five catalogues with known dates" is the member's test ("they are the only reason any of this is checkable"), not what set its clocks ("precession alone sets the date"; proper motions from Hipparcos). Read as a written root, it makes the dek's nine written roots and three forks, and "Take away the sky, and five do". Without it: eight, two and six. Fix at chains.mjs:394-411 (drop the written root, or carry the sentence as the sky root's found) and src/content/strata/set-by-another-clock.md:36 ("checked against", not "set by"). Fixed: the Almagest chain ends in the sky alone. The dek's counts are now seven written, eight sky, five stop, one nothing dated, two reaching more than one; taking away the sky leaves six floating; the relates note says the dated catalogues are its test, not its clock.
- [fixed] MED (m026, m027, A8, ends-gravestones): the lichen row's date ("150 years old, read as 192") is read through the member's model curve ("This moraine is a model, not a photograph"; "The calibration curve it is read against was built the same way, on surfaces of known age, each searched over one square metre"), while its two written roots are control points of the published Larocque and Smith (2004) curve (Hagensborg gravestones; moraines dated by trees, cross-dated wood "or by radiocarbon"). Fix at chains.mjs:220-236: say the date is a model's, or take a date read through the published curve or Benedict's 1910 cairns. Also src/content/strata/set-by-another-clock.md:18 ("one date with two roots"). Fixed: the lichen chain now starts from the published curve's own statement, "for a 150-year-old surface it is “+45 and –30 yr”", adds the step "Larocque and Smith (2004) built it ... from 18 surfaces of known age", keeps the model's 192 years as what the layer reports, and labels the tree root "trees, fossil wood or radiocarbon".
- [fixed] MINOR (m058, m060, ends-languages): Lees's 1953 date (716 A.D., k = .805) is followed by the member's 14-pair IE-CoR refit as its rate and root ("Their mean becomes the 'refit' option above"). The member does not say what set .805, so by the page's own rule the chain stops there, or the steps are labelled as the refit. Fix at chains.mjs:333-349. Fixed: the chain now stops at Lees's constant ("His equation was t = ln(F) / 2ln(k).", root: the layer stops here), with a note that the layer does not say what set .805 and that its refit is a different constant. "The written past of five languages" left the written roots, and the list of chains that stop names the constant.
- [fixed] MINOR (m044, kelvin-account, A9): "Kelvin's clock needs a starting temperature, a conductivity and a diffusivity." is the member's section-2 sentence about its own seafloor run ("We fixed them before looking, at round textbook values for the mantle"). It is quoted as the 1862 root and repeated in the 1862 prose (index.html:84); the member's section 1 gives "his own three inputs" as starting temperature, gradient and diffusivity. Fix at chains.mjs:292, index.html:84 and set-by-another-clock.md:24. Fixed: the anchor step and the Kelvin section now quote section 1, "Here is Kelvin's recipe with his own three inputs.", and name them: a starting temperature for melting rock, the gradient, the diffusivity. The relates note says the same.
- [fixed] MINOR (m020, m045, m066, m090, A6): "What the layer found" labels Douglass 1919, Perry 1895 and Foss's conclusion (each quoted by its layer), a description of method (DE440), and the Nelson source step. Fix at research/set-by-another-clock/build-page.mjs:99 and public/strata/set-by-another-clock/app.mjs:75 (say whose words), or at chains.mjs:212, 293, 367, 443, 152. Fixed: the label is now "What the layer reports" ("What the source reports" on a source step) in build-page.mjs and app.mjs, and chains.mjs says why.
- [fixed] MINOR (tablet): "an Earth spinning at today's rate would have put the shadow over Morocco, 4,592 km away". The member's figure is for "without the clock correction" (Delta T = 0: an Earth that never fell behind uniform time). Fix at index.html:79. Fixed: "computed without the clock correction the shadow falls over Morocco, 4,592 km away".
- [fixed] MINOR (A1): "Before telescopes, the best record of how the Earth turned is people writing down where the Sun went out." The member says "Most of the ancient ΔT record is timed lunar eclipses". Fix at index.html:79. Fixed: "the record of how the Earth turned is people writing down eclipses: mostly the times of eclipses of the Moon, and also where the Sun went out."
- [fixed] MINOR (A2): Nelson's 2001 "present length of the mean solar day is about 2.5 ms longer" stands as "the Earth of today". Nelson's own next lines say the day was then "closer to 86 400 SI seconds", and the leap-second member says it has been shorter than 86,400 seconds since 2020. Fix at index.html:81: date it. Fixed: "The leap seconds measured the Earth of their own years against the Earth of about 1820. In 2001 Nelson and his colleagues wrote that ...", then the leap-second layer: since 2020 "the typical day has been shorter than 86,400 seconds".
- [fixed] MINOR (check-labels): reader-side gaps at HEAD. A label figure in words outside LABEL_FIGURE passes ("a quarter" to "a third" in the runways label: 852/0). The no-script HTML list is not compared with data.json outside the repository: changes passed 852/0 to a Kelvin "Ends: nothing dated." made "someone wrote it down.", a list-only "Hecuba about 424", a note "older than 12,900 years", a circle label "the 49th core" in the HTML, and the sources list "Metrologia 39 (2002)". Fix at verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs:278 and in section E. Fixed: fraction words count as figures in labels; the check rebuilds the three no-script lists from data.json and requires them word for word; the sources list is swept with typed fragments; four new planted faults (the list-only Hecuba year, the list-only Kelvin root, Metrologia 39 (2002), a quarter made a third), all caught, fourteen of fourteen.
- [fixed] MINOR (A5): the published check says Nelson and others (2001) "is not free to read" (verify-set-by-another-clock.mjs:44 and :474; chains.mjs:90 url: null). https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf serves the kept PDF byte for byte, and research/the-rubber-second/sources/NOTES.md:117 names it as the source. Fixed: chains.mjs gives the address and the PDF's sha256 (recorded in OBSERVATIONS.md); --online compares the served bytes with it, the repository run checks the kept PDF's hash, and the sources list links the PDF.
- [fixed] MINOR (circles-count): "The eleven above are the ones the layers name themselves" (index.html:95). The leap-second member also names one: "Two columns of one file are not fully independent. ... Before 1998 the two share sources and the comparison is weaker." Add it at chains.mjs:510 (twelve in ten), or soften the sentence. Fixed: "Two columns of one file are not fully independent." is now a circle (the length of day and the Earth's turning, from the same file). With the ice sentence out (00000d) the count stays eleven, in nine layers.
- [fixed] MINOR (m119; may be declined): the ice circle "the model and its tie points" quotes the member's "What is modelled, not measured" note, which says what is modelled rather than that a check is circular. chains.mjs:526. Fixed: taken out of the circles; the sentence says what is modelled, not that a check leans on itself.
- [fixed] MINOR (m089; may be declined): the 1767 chain's sky root is the member's DE440 check of the almanac, not what set Mayer's tables. The kind is unaffected. chains.mjs:440-443. Fixed: the root step is relabelled "the real Moon, as the layer checks it", and the root's note says the layer does not say what Mayer fitted his tables to. The root kind is unchanged.
- [fixed] (the author's re-read, before the pass reported) The circles listed van Gogh's letter 790 as a layer naming its own circle. Nothing but the Morning Star says only "The letters edition now dates letter 790 by it."; it does not call that circular. The sentence stays in "Writing and the sky", where it is the sky dating a letter (the pass confirms the letters edition's date note cites Olson et al. 2003).
- [fixed] (the author's re-read) The dek's counts of where the chains end summed to more than nineteen without saying why. The dek and the ends section now say how many chains reach more than one kind of end, computed.
- [fixed] (the author's re-read) The Kelvin section said "No other clock set it, so no other clock could check it", and two sentences later "What settled it was another clock". The clause is gone.