---
slug: the-hour-nobody-spends
passed: 2026-10-18
by: the assay line (research/assay-line/claude-1018b/), Claude fixer (claude-opus-5-5) directed by claude-assaying-boyle-1014; source record by a Claude agent (claude-sonnet-5-5), checked by a Claude agent (claude-opus-5-5)
checked: 146
confirmed: 120
wrong: 8
unverifiable: 9
observed: 9
stale: 0
---

This was the claude-1018b tier B decide-and-fix pass on the-hour-nobody-spends, at 51faf40d26. A Claude agent (claude-sonnet-5-5) wrote the N1 source record; a Claude agent (claude-opus-5-5) checked all 141 entries plus 5 it added against their sources (research/assay-line/claude-1018b/the-hour-nobody-spends/N2-claude.md); the fixer decided all 26 triage items in triage.json before editing, re-reading the evidence for each of the 8 WRONG items (the pinned Mokhtarian and Chen postprint, the ATUS User's Guide, nts.json, and the shipped diaries.bin recomputed with the page's own decoding). All 8 WRONG items were fixed, in every copy, and are carried in one dated Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and in the markdown; the 18 MINOR items were listed, not edited, under the tier B rule; there were no STALE items and none was rejected. The verifier gained two assertions that hold the typed survey-year count and England level to the data. MINOR lines are counted with confirmed. The CONFIRMED, UNVERIFIABLE and OBSERVED lines carry the checker's readings forward with their provenance.

## Claims

- CONFIRMED | [#1 dek-fifty-years] There is a claim, repeated for fifty years, that every human society spends about one hour a day travelling, and that this is an anthropological invariant. | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | PDF read (sha256 751d291b matches the pin): title "Anthropological Invariants in Travel Behavior"; "all over the world the mean exposure time for man is around one hour per day".
- MINOR | [#2 marchetti-1994-zahavi] The modern statement of it belongs to Cesare Marchetti, writing in 1994 and drawing on Yacov Zahavi's fieldwork for the US Department of Transportation. | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | K1, zahavi-fieldwork-place, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: Marchetti (RR-95-04, p. 75, per the checker) writes "The field work of Zahavi (6, 7], who was at the World Bank when he did it"; the reports were published by US DOT, so "fieldwork for the US Department of Transportation" is loose rather than false.
- CONFIRMED | [#3 marchetti-fieldwork-quote] Marchetti thought this was a fact about the species rather than about any country: | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | Verbatim on p. 75 of the reprint; the verifier re-found it at its pinned offset with the PDF supplied.
- CONFIRMED | [#4 marchetti-onehour-quote] Read it twice, because it makes two separate claims and only the first one is famous: | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | Verbatim on p. 75; re-found byte for byte.
- CONFIRMED | [#5 marchetti-around-one-hour] Marchetti said "around one hour". "around one hour" | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | "around one hour per day", p. 75.
- CONFIRMED | [#6 marchetti-second-sentence-is-shape] The first sentence is about a mean. The second is about a shape: it says the distribution is narrow, that most people are near the hour. | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | "the tails of the distribution are not spread much around the central value" is a claim about spread; reading it as narrow is fair. (The page itself flags that diary days overstate person-level spread.)
- CONFIRMED | [#7 marchetti-no-own-data-eight-works] Marchetti collected no data of his own here, and his article cites eight works in total. | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | Reference list has exactly items 1 to 8. No data collection is reported; he analyses others' data (Zipf rank-size, the telephone gravity model, the Mexico City logistic) and the foreword credits "his own research in transport statistics", so "collected no data" is right but "no research of his own" would not be.
- CONFIRMED | [#8 marchetti-rests-on-two-umot] The one-hour finding rests on two of them: Zahavi's The "UMOT" Project (Report DOT-RSPA-DPB 2-79-3, 1979) and The UMOT-Urban Interactions (DOT-RSPA-DPB-10/7, 1981). | https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4071/1/RR-95-04.pdf | Items 6 and 7 as given; Marchetti prints "Project No. DOT-RSPA-DPB, 2-79-3" where the page says "Report".
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#9 umot-unrefereed-not-on-web] Both are unrefereed contractor reports for the US Department of Transportation, and neither appears to be on the open web in any form. | Open Library search.json q=UMOT Zahavi (finds "The UMOT Project", Yacov Zahavi, 1979, has_fulltext false); archive.org advancedsearch q=UMOT (31 hits, none the report; control q=title:(travel time budget) returns 3) and full-text scrape (0); Google Books API 429; HathiTrust catalogue and ROSA P refuse curl (Cloudflare 403, 403); TRID results are script-rendered | No copy found where I could look, but the two catalogues most likely to hold a digitised US DOT report could not be searched; "unrefereed contractor reports" has no source.
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#10 most-cited-invariant] The most-cited invariant in transport behaviour rests on two documents a reader cannot obtain. | no source ranks transport-behaviour invariants by citation; OpenAlex cited_by for Marchetti 1994 only | "most-cited" is a comparison nobody has made; the second half depends on entry 9.
- CONFIRMED | [#11 mokhtarian-standing-review] The standing review of the field said so twenty years ago, and said it about the whole literature: | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | Abstract and conclusions: "essentially confirms results that were observed 20 years ago". The review is 2004, 22 years ago.
- CONFIRMED | [#12 mokhtarian-verdict-quote] The standing review of the field said so twenty years ago, and said it about the whole literature: | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | Verbatim in the abstract; re-found byte for byte (sha256 41221e00 matches the pin).
- CONFIRMED | [#13 mokhtarian-narrow-quote] Mokhtarian and Chen also caught the field in the act, in a passage worth having in full, | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | Verbatim, Robinson et al. 1972 passage; re-found byte for byte.
- CONFIRMED | [#14 mokhtarian-narrow-tail] remarkably narrow range. "remarkably narrow range." | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | Same passage.
- MINOR | [#15 zahavi-talvitie-1980-quote] And they note that the man whose fieldwork the whole edifice rests on did not himself claim a constant. | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | K2, zahavi-not-constant-framing, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: M&C call Zahavi and Talvitie "proponents of a constant travel time budget" while quoting their "belief that travel time and money budgets are not constant"; the quoted words are verbatim, the page's framing is loose.
- CONFIRMED | [#16 zahavi-per-traveller] Zahavi did not measure travel time per person. He measured it per traveller, and Mokhtarian and Chen record why. | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | "Zahavi's pioneering studies focused on travel time expenditure per traveler (those who made at least one motorized trip during the survey period)."
- CONFIRMED | [#17 mokhtarian-travellers-quote] The reason for using travellers as the unit "instead of all people, as Zahavi explained, was that he found that using the former measure as the basis gave stable results whereas using the latter measure did not. However, without a prior conceptual justification of the superiority of the former measure, the choice appears to be a selective acceptance of results that fit a preconception and rejection of those that did not." | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | Verbatim, Analysis Unit section; re-found byte for byte. The page's lead-in paraphrases M&C's "The reason behind the use of travelers as the unit".
- WRONG | [#18 goodwin-1981-quote] And Goodwin had already put a finger on what the choice hides, in 1981, in a sentence that reads now like a prediction: | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | K3, goodwin-sentence-misattributed, fix. Re-read the pinned M&C postprint (sha256 41221e00, the N1 copy): "Goodwin (1981), on the other hand, argued that the mean travel time expenditure per traveler would depend on the duration of the survey period, while travel time expenditure per person does not. For example, on any given day, some proportion of people may not travel, but a far smaller proportion will not have traveled in an entire week." The quoted sentence is M&C's own illustration of Goodwin's argument, not a sentence Goodwin wrote in 1981. The page's lead-in (index.html, "And Goodwin had already put a finger on what the choice hides, in 1981, in a sentence that reads now like a prediction") attributes the sentence to Goodwin. Fix the lead-in; the quotation itself is unaltered and stays.
- CONFIRMED | [#19 prior-cite-morris-2023] Eric A. Morris, Samuel Speroni and Brian D. Taylor, "Going nowhere fast: Might changing activity patterns help explain falling travel?", Journal of Transport Geography 110:103620, 2023. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103620 | Crossref: Eric A. Morris; Samuel Speroni; Brian D. Taylor; JTG vol 110, article 103620, 2023. The tool's "DOI MISMATCH" on initials is a parsing artefact.
- CONFIRMED | [#20 prior-cite-morris-2025] Eric A. Morris, Samuel Speroni and Brian D. Taylor, "Going Nowhere Faster: Did the Covid-19 Pandemic Accelerate the Trend Toward Staying Home?", Journal of the American Planning Association 91(3):361-379, 2025. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080/01944363.2024.2385327 | Crossref: same authors; JAPA 91(3) 361-379, print 2025 (online 30 Oct 2024).
- CONFIRMED | [#21 prior-cite-sharkey-2024] Patrick Sharkey, "Homebound: The Long-Term Rise in Time Spent at Home Among U.S. Adults", Sociological Science 11:553-578, 2024. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.15195/v11.a20 | Crossref: Patrick Sharkey; Sociological Science 11, 553-578, 2024.
- CONFIRMED | [#22 prior-cite-kannan-2023] Viji Diane Kannan and Peter J. Veazie, "US trends in social isolation, social engagement, and companionship, nationally and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, and work hours, 2003-2020", SSM Population Health 21:101331, 2023. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101331 | Crossref: Viji Diane Kannan; Peter J. Veazie; SSM - Population Health 21, 101331, March 2023.
- CONFIRMED | [#23 prior-cite-mcdonald-2015] Noreen C. McDonald, "Are Millennials Really the 'Go-Nowhere' Generation?", Journal of the American Planning Association 81(2):90-103, 2015. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196 | Crossref: Noreen C. McDonald; JAPA 81(2) 90-103, 2015.
- CONFIRMED | [#24 prior-cite-millard-ball-2011] Adam Millard-Ball and Lee Schipper, "Are We Reaching Peak Travel? Trends in Passenger Transport in Eight Industrialized Countries", Transport Reviews 31(3):357-378, 2011. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080/01441647.2010.518291 | Crossref: Adam Millard-Ball (U+2010 hyphen, hence the tool's mismatch); Lee Schipper; Transport Reviews 31(3) 357-378, 2011.
- CONFIRMED | [#25 prior-cite-metz-2008] David Metz, "The Myth of Travel Time Saving", Transport Reviews 28(3):321-336, 2008. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080/01441640701642348 | Crossref: David Metz; Transport Reviews 28(3) 321-336, 2008.
- CONFIRMED | [#26 prior-cite-goodwin-1981] Phil B. Goodwin, "The usefulness of travel budgets", Transportation Research Part A 15(1):97-106, 1981, as reported by Mokhtarian and Chen (2004). | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/0191-2607(83)90019-5 | Crossref: P.B. Goodwin, "The usefulness of travel budgets", Transportation Research Part A: General 15(1) 97-106, January 1981 (the "(83)" in the DOI is Elsevier's, the record is 1981).
- MINOR | [#27 prior-cite-mcguckin-2018] Nancy McGuckin, "Summary of Travel Trends Findings from the 2017 NHTS", Transportation Research Board NHTS Workshop, 2018. | https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/NHTS/McGuckinTravelTrends.pdf | K4, mcguckin-copresenter-dropped, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the TRB title slide names Nancy McGuckin and Anthony Fucci (Westat); the citation names only McGuckin, a citation completeness slip.
- CONFIRMED | [#28 est-morris-2023] That American travel time per person fell steadily across ATUS 2003-2019, and that a large part of the cause is a decline in time spent on out-of-home activities, plausibly linked to in-home information technology. | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103620 | Abstract: "time spent on personal travel has been dropping consistently over these years ... one important cause is likely a dramatic and ongoing decline in the time Americans spend on out-of-home activities ... related to advances in information and communications technology".
- CONFIRMED | [#29 est-morris-2023-headline-theirs] It is published, on this same survey and over this same window, by Morris, Speroni and Taylor, | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103620 | Same abstract: "We use 2003-2019 data from the American Time Use Survey".
- CONFIRMED | [#30 est-morris-2025-accelerated] That the pandemic accelerated an already-running trend, | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01944363.2024.2385327 | The title asks "Did the Covid-19 Pandemic Accelerate the Trend Toward Staying Home?" and the abstract reports "sharp declines in overall out-of-home activity, travel by all modes ... in 2021 compared with 2019 ... By 2023, most of these changes persisted"; a co-author's slides title the result "Going Nowhere FASTER". Supported, though the abstract never says "accelerated".
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#31 est-morris-2025-quarter-commute] and that only about a quarter of the overall reduction in travel time is attributable to less commuting. | abstract via OpenAlex (no commuting share); tandfonline PDF 403; escholarship qt734566b0 403 "not available"; co-author slides at https://www.mmi.mit.edu/_files/ugd/29d096_9dd147922c424d37813d17280b56ae76.pdf say only "commuting is less than 20% of all person trips" | Not found in anything readable.
- CONFIRMED | [#32 est-sharkey-hour-and-half] That time spent at home by American adults rose by about an hour and a half a day between 2003 and 2022, | https://sociologicalscience.com/download/vol_11/august/SocSci_v11_553to578_updated.pdf | "from 2003 to 2022, average time spent at home among American adults has risen by one hour and 39 minutes in a typical day". The page rounds 99 minutes down to "about an hour and a half".
- CONFIRMED | [#33 est-sharkey-travel-fell] with travel among the components that fell. | https://sociologicalscience.com/download/vol_11/august/SocSci_v11_553to578_updated.pdf | "U.S. adults spent less time shopping for consumer items, socializing, volunteering, and traveling (including commuting and all transportation) in 2022 when compared with 2003."
- CONFIRMED | [#34 est-sharkey-larger-frame] and the larger shift it belongs to has been mapped by others too. | https://sociologicalscience.com/download/vol_11/august/SocSci_v11_553to578_updated.pdf | "should be seen as an acceleration of a longer-term trend: the rise of time spent at home".
- CONFIRMED | [#35 est-kannan-alone-friends] That American time spent alone rose and time spent with friends and others fell across ATUS 2003-2020, most steeply among the young. | https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9811250/fullTextXML | "social isolation increased, social engagement with family, friends, and 'others' ... decreased"; "Social engagement with friends, others, and in companionship plummeted for young Americans."
- MINOR | [#36 est-kannan-companionship-codes] Built from the survey's companionship codes, not its activity codes. | https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9811250/fullTextXML | K5, kannan-companionship-codes, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: Kannan and Veazie build companionship from who-with codes restricted to leisure activity codes ("spent with anyone while engaged in socializing, relaxing, leisure..."); "not its activity codes" is loose wording in the prior-work summary.
- CONFIRMED | [#37 est-mcguckin-zero-trip] That the share of Americans reporting no travel on their travel day rose sharply in the National Household Travel Survey, AND that the zero-trip rate differs significantly by survey mode, so the rise may be partly an artifact of the shift from telephone to web collection. | https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/NHTS/McGuckinTravelTrends.pdf | Slide 7 "Many more people are reporting no travel on the travel day. There may be some effect here due to self-reporting"; slide 8 "Zero Trip Reports are significantly different by method"; slide 3 CATI only (2009) against web with CATI option (2017).
- CONFIRMED | [#38 est-mcdonald] That young Americans' travel fell substantially, and decomposed the fall into demographic, attitudinal and general-population components. | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196 | Abstract splits the fall into demographic 10-25%, Millennial-specific (attitudes, virtual mobility) 35-50%, general dampening 40%. It decomposes driving, not all travel.
- CONFIRMED | [#39 est-millard-ball-plateau] That passenger travel plateaued across eight industrialised countries, | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01441647.2010.518291 | "evidence to suggest that these trends may have halted ... total activity growth has halted relative to GDP in recent years in the eight countries examined".
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#40 est-millard-ball-ttb] and noted the plateau is consistent with travel-time-budget theory. | abstract via OpenAlex (no travel time budget); SSRN PDF 403 to curl; guessed author-site copies 404; archive.org 0 hits | The full text, where the claim would be, could not be read.
- CONFIRMED | [#41 est-metz-conserved] That average travel time is conserved in the long run and that travellers take the benefit of faster transport as access to more distant destinations. | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01441640701642348 | "in the long run average travel time is conserved, implying that travellers take the benefit of improvements in the form of additional access to more distant destinations".
- CONFIRMED | [#42 est-metz-myth-is-appraisal] The 'myth' Metz attacks is the appraisal practice of monetising time savings, NOT the travel-time budget. | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01441640701642348 | The "myth" is "The idea that the main benefit of improvements to transport infrastructure is the saving of travel time".
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#43 est-metz-most-prominent-defender] He is its most prominent defender. | no ranking of defenders of the travel time budget found; Metz abstract only | A ranking with no source; the build log records it as the scout's judgment.
- CONFIRMED | [#44 est-goodwin-participation] That travel time per traveller depends on the length of the survey period in a way travel time per person does not, precisely because some proportion of people do not travel on any given day. | https://escholarship.org/content/qt3kr185ts/qt3kr185ts.pdf | "Goodwin (1981), on the other hand, argued that the mean travel time expenditure per traveler would depend on the duration of the survey period, while travel time expenditure per person does not." As reported by M&C, as the page says.
- MINOR | [#45 morris-eight-minutes] Morris, Speroni and Taylor report a fall of about eight minutes a day in American travel time | https://www.mmi.mit.edu/_files/ugd/29d096_9dd147922c424d37813d17280b56ae76.pdf | K6, morris-eight-vs-seven, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the paper is unreadable; co-author slides say "fell 7 minutes"; "about eight" is a precision slip against a secondary source.
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#46 morris-2019-2021-agree] Their 2019-to-2021 figure and ours agree closely, | 2025 paper full text: tandfonline 403, escholarship 403; slides give 2019 and 2021-2023 charts without numbers | Not checkable from anything readable.
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#47 morris-air-travel] and their levels sit a few minutes below ours in a way consistent with their stated exclusion of air travel, | 2023 paper full text unreadable (ScienceDirect captcha); co-author slides https://www.mmi.mit.edu/_files/ugd/29d096_9dd147922c424d37813d17280b56ae76.pdf | The stated exclusion is real: the slides say "We focus on adults and their out-of-home/yard activities (excluding travel) and daily (non-air) travel". Their levels could not be read.
- CONFIRMED | [#48 mcguckin-same-rise] McGuckin, reporting the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, found the same rise in people reporting no travel on their travel day, | https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/NHTS/McGuckinTravelTrends.pdf | Slide 7: "Immobile Rates are high: Many more people are reporting no travel on the travel day."
- CONFIRMED | [#49 mcguckin-mode] and warned in the same breath that zero-trip reporting differs significantly by collection mode: | https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/NHTS/McGuckinTravelTrends.pdf | Slide 8: "Zero Trip Reports are significantly different by method", beside slide 7's caution.
- MINOR | [#50 mcguckin-telephone-to-web] that survey moved from telephone to web during the period, and the shift alone moves the number. | https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/Conferences/2018/NHTS/McGuckinTravelTrends.pdf | K7, mode-shift-alone, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: McGuckin's slide 8 says zero-trip reports differ "significantly" by method; "the shift alone moves the number" is stronger than the slides, which also list frame and recruitment changes.
- CONFIRMED | [#51 atus-cati-throughout] the American Time Use Survey has run the same computer-assisted telephone time diary throughout, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Section 4.2: "All ATUS data are collected using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)." (September 2026 edition; the page cites June 2026, which guide.mjs read at build.)
- CONFIRMED | [#52 atus-2020-suspension] Collection was suspended from 18 March to 9 May 2020, so no annual estimate for that year exists at all: | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | "ATUS data were not collected about the period March 18, 2020 to May 9, 2020"; "it is impossible to produce annual estimates with the 2020 ATUS data".
- CONFIRMED | [#53 atus-2020-weight-minus-one] the ordinary final weight is set to −1 on every 2020 record and cannot be used, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/dictionaries/atusintcodebk0324.pdf | Data dictionary: "Cases with [TUYEAR = 2020] will have missing values for TUFNWGTP." The -1 code is what research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/distil.mjs records reading.
- MINOR | [#54 atus-2020-ten-months] and what the Bureau supplies instead is a partial-year figure covering the ten months that were collected. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | K8, atus-2020-partial-year-figure, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide's published 2020 figures cover May 10 to December 31; the ten-month coverage belongs to the TU20FWGT weight. Loose wording about what BLS supplies.
- MINOR | [#55 atus-special-weight-2019] The Bureau supplies a special weight instead, and supplies it for 2019 as well, so that exactly one comparison is legitimate: 2019 against 2020, under the pandemic weighting. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | K9, exactly-one-comparison, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide supplies TU20FWGT for 2019 "To facilitate analyses with 2019 data" but never says only one comparison is legitimate; an overstatement.
- CONFIRMED | [#56 atus-response-rates] The response rate to this survey was | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Table 3.3: 2003 57.8, 2019 42.0, 2024 32.4.
- CONFIRMED | [#57 atus-response-rate-fell-quarter] The response rate fell by a quarter over the same window | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | 57.8 to 42.0 is a fall of 27 per cent.
- CONFIRMED | [#58 atus-response-footnote] and the Bureau puts that correction at one to three percentage points. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Note 7: "lowering final annual average response rates by 1 to 3 percentage points".
- CONFIRMED | [#59 atus-poor-quality-to-nonresponse] The published rates are also the optimistic ones: processing moves poor-quality diaries into non-response afterwards, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Note 7: "These are response rates calculated prior to final processing and editing. During processing, cases with poor-quality data are moved from a complete response category to a nonresponse category". (Post-processing rates are also published, in LABSTAT.)
- CONFIRMED | [#60 atus-nonresponse-quote] That is the Bureau naming this exposure and saying it was not measured. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Verbatim, section 7.6.
- CONFIRMED | [#61 atus-travel-purpose-quote] The Bureau is explicit about the compromise: "While in reality a travel activity might be associated with many different purposes, the ATUS activity coding lexicon only allows one purpose to be assigned to each episode of travel. In most cases, this purpose is determined by the activity that immediately follows the travel activity." | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Verbatim, chapter 5.
- MINOR | [#62 atus-one-purpose-per-trip] Every trip in this survey is filed under exactly one purpose, and that purpose is the | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | K10, homebound-trip-exception, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide's next sentence, "Homebound trips are an exception", qualifies "Every trip ... the activity the traveller did next"; the page's quotation says "In most cases", so the reader is told of exceptions in the quotation itself.
- CONFIRMED | [#63 atus-160-replicates-formula] from the survey’s 160 replicate weights under | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | "For each final weight, there are 160 replicate weights"; "multiply by (4/160) to get the variance".
- CONFIRMED | [#64 atus-driving-job-is-work] driving as a job is coded as work, not as travel, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | "Travel done as an essential part of one's job, for example, driving a taxi, is recorded as work, not travel."
- CONFIRMED | [#65 atus-exercise-not-travel] and a run or a recreational cycle is coded as recreation, not as travel. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | "Walking and biking are considered traveling when they are used to get from one destination ... to another, but not when the primary purpose is exercise."
- MINOR | [#66 atus-lexicon-17-to-18] the first digit of the travel codes moved from 17 to 18 in 2005. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | K11, first-two-digits, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: 17 and 18 are the first two digits of the six-digit codes (the guide: "The first two digits represent the major activity category"); a precision slip.
- CONFIRMED | [#67 atus-diary-day-random] Each respondent reports one randomly assigned day. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | "The designated persons are then randomly assigned a day of the week about which to report".
- CONFIRMED | [#68 atus-weights-post-stratified] The weights are post-stratified to population controls, which fixes the demographic part, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | Section 7.2: a non-response adjustment, then weights such that "The sum of the weights is equal to the number of person-days ... for the population as a whole and ... for selected subpopulations": post-stratification to population controls in substance, though the guide does not use those words.
- CONFIRMED | [#69 atus-multiyear-harmonised] The multi-year file used here is already harmonised by the Bureau onto the later scheme | https://www.bls.gov/tus/lexicons/lexiconnoex0324.pdf | The multi-year file is coded on the ATUS 2003-2024 lexicon (research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/Sum0324_info.txt), which maps every 2003-2004 travel code into the 18 scheme: "180101 Travel related to personal care includes 170101 (2003-2004), 180101 (2005 and later years)".
- CONFIRMED | [#70 nts-table] That table stacks two series: rolling multi-year averages up to 2000-2002, then single years from 2002 on, and several of the rolling rows overlap each other, | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 35 rows: rolling multi-year rows through "2000 to 2002", single years from "2002 [b]".
- CONFIRMED | [#71 nts-breaks-1989-1995] The comparison spans two documented breaks in the series, the change from Great Britain to England in 1989 and the reweighting in 1995, | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | ODS notes as quoted (GB before 1989; 1995 reweighting).
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#72 nts-both-push-time-up] and both push the time figure up, so the time share here is an upper bound. | ODS notes in research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json; no GB and England overlap year in NTS0101 | Note 3 says the reweighting raised time taken; nothing read gives the direction of the 1989 Great Britain to England change, so "both push the time figure up" is half supported.
- CONFIRMED | [#73 nts-fifty-two-years] because it reports distance and time separately for fifty-two years. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | Rows "1972 to 1973" through "2024", distance and time separately: a span of 52 years.
- CONFIRMED | [#74 eurostat-hetus] 22 European countries | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/hetus.json | 22 geo codes, waves 2000 and 2010; tool FOUND the dataset title.
- CONFIRMED | [#75 dek-252808] 252,808 American time diaries | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/Sum0324_info.txt | "contains 456 variables and 252,808 observations".
- WRONG | [#76 dek-32-english-years] 32 English survey years | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | K12, english-survey-years-32, fix. Read research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json: summary "surveyYears": 35, 35 rows in series; data.json ships nts.source.surveyYears 35, and the page's own Sources line prints "35 survey years". nts.mjs lines 113-115 record that 32 came from an earlier parse that "silently dropped every footnoted row, which is three of the thirty-five". "32 English survey years" stands in the markdown dek, the meta description, the JSON-LD description and the opening paragraph: fix to 35 in all four.
- CONFIRMED | [#77 dek-22-countries] 22 European countries | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/hetus.json | "countries": 22.
- CONFIRMED | [#78 dek-us-level] 70.3 minutes a day in the United States | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | pooled meanMin 70.3072; recreated 70.3072 from diaries.bin.
- WRONG | [#79 dek-england-level] 0.997 hours in England across half a century | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | K13, england-level-0997, fix. Read nts.json summary: "meanMinutesPerDay": 59.7446, "meanHoursPerDay": 0.9957, which rounds to 0.996; the page body prints the computed figure (0.996). The markdown dek says "0.997 hours in England". Fix to 0.996.
- OBSERVED | [#80 dek-eleven-five] Only 11.5 per cent of American diary days fall within ten minutes of that mean | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | within ten minutes of the pooled mean: 0.1153.
- OBSERVED | [#81 dek-zero-share] a larger share records no travel at all | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | zero minutes: 0.1580, larger than 0.1153.
- CONFIRMED | [#82 dek-fall-031] the mean itself has been falling since 2003 at 0.31 minutes a year | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | slopePerYear -0.308788, se 0.047979.
- MINOR | [#83 dek-england-023] confirmed independently by the English series falling at 0.23. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | K14, england-slope-023, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: nts.json cleanWindow slope -0.23523 rounds to 0.24 at two places; the dek's "0.23" truncates. A precision slip in a dek sentence that no WRONG fix touches.
- CONFIRMED | [#84 dek-71-percent] 71 per cent of the American decline is not shorter journeys but a rising share of days when nobody went anywhere, | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | shareFromGoingOutLessOften 0.7089.
- CONFIRMED | [#85 dek-survives-fixed] a shift that survives holding age, sex and employment fixed, | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | The 71 per cent split survives standardisation: decomposition 2003to2019 standardised shareFromGoingOutLessOften 0.7116.
- MINOR | [#86 dek-travel-to-others] and the travel that vanished first was travel to other people. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | K15, travel-to-others-first, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: findings.json ranks the 2003-2019 losses by size (1804 -2.07, 1812 -1.40); 1812 includes leisure and entertainment travel, and "first" is not measured. Loose wording.
- OBSERVED | [#87 plain-one-day-in-nine] but only about one day in nine is anywhere near it, | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | 1/0.1153 = 8.7, one in nine.
- WRONG | [#88 desc-three-decimals] The level is right to three decimals. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | K16, level-three-decimals, fix. Read nts.json (England 0.9957 h, printed 0.996), findings.json via the recomputed pooled US mean 70.307 min (1.172 h, recomputed today from diaries.bin) and hetus.json (Europe about 74 min). None equals one hour to three decimals, so the meta description's "The level is right to three decimals" is false. Fix to a sentence the data hold.
- CONFIRMED | [#89 relates-braess-88-12] half a century of English speed bought distance rather than time, 88 per cent of the extra miles paid for out of velocity and only 12 out of the day. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 0.8767 and 0.1233.
- CONFIRMED | [#90 relates-braess] Braess shows a new road can make every driver slower; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox | In Braess's own example the added road raises every driver's equilibrium time; the lead says it "can slow down overall traffic flow".
- CONFIRMED | [#91 relates-golden-720147] The golden ratio is absent from 720,147 paintings; | src/content/strata/widen-the-window.md | "720,147 paintings".
- CONFIRMED | [#92 levels-near-an-hour] Three independent instruments, three countries or continents, three different survey designs, and all three land near an hour. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/hetus.json | US 70.3, England 59.7, Europe 74.4 minutes.
- MINOR | [#93 nts-five-times] would count the late 1990s five times over. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | K17, late-1990s-five-times, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the overlapping rolling rows put a late-1990s year in at most three rows; "five times over" overstates the over-weighting.
- CONFIRMED | [#94 nts-mean-hours] the mean daily travel time of England, across half a century, is | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 0.9957, printed 0.996.
- CONFIRMED | [#95 draw-weighted] Twelve actual American diary days, sampled with probability proportional to their survey weight, which is what makes them a fair picture of the country. | public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html | pickWeighted() draws on cumulative survey weights.
- WRONG | [#96 bars-are-totals-not-timelines] the survey records how many minutes of the day went on travel, not when. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | K18, survey-records-not-when, fix. Re-read the ATUS User's Guide (September 2026 edition, N1 copy): "Activity file. This file contains information collected in the ATUS diary. There is one record per activity reported in the diary. The diary data include the activity code, the activity duration, start and stop times", and the diary runs "starting at 4 a.m. the previous day". So the survey does record when; only the Activity summary file this page uses ("one record per respondent and is a summary of the information on the Activity file") holds totals. Fix the hint to say it is the summary file that holds totals.
- CONFIRMED | [#97 bench-final-weights] weighted by the survey's own final weights. | public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html | aggregate() weights by rWeight (TUFNWGTP).
- CONFIRMED | [#98 browser-recompute-2-4mb] Everything above and below is recomputed in your browser from the same 2.4 MB of packed diaries, one row per respondent. | public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin | 2,528,080 bytes, 10 per row, 2.41 MiB.
- OBSERVED | [#99 tails-one-in-nine] is anywhere near that, within ten minutes either side. | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | 0.1153.
- OBSERVED | [#100 tails-zero-share] records no travel at all. The top tenth of days hold | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | 0.1580; top tenth 34.0% (render).
- OBSERVED | [#101 tails-top-tenth-gini] of all the travel minutes there are, and the Gini coefficient of daily travel time is | recreated: node N2/tools/render.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends (the page script run on the shipped data.json and diaries.bin) | top tenth 34.0%, Gini 0.51.
- CONFIRMED | [#102 tails-nobodys-hour] The hour a day is a real number and it is nobody's hour: it is the balance point of a | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | The mean is the balance point; true by definition.
- CONFIRMED | [#103 trend-us] minutes per year from 2003 to 2019, before the pandemic touched it, at | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | 0.309, z 6.4.
- CONFIRMED | [#104 trend-england] minutes per day per year over the comparable window, at | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 0.235, t 4.98.
- CONFIRMED | [#105 trend-two-surveys-agree] The two surveys were not built to agree and they agree. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | -0.309 +- 0.048 and -0.235 +- 0.047: difference 0.074 against a combined se of 0.067.
- CONFIRMED | [#106 trend-2020-hollow] 2020 is drawn hollow: it has no standard-basis weight and is not comparable to the rest. | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | TUFNWGTP missing for 2020; TU20FWGT only.
- CONFIRMED | [#107 decomp-sentence] came from days with no travel at all becoming more common, and only | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 4.52 = 3.20 + 1.32.
- CONFIRMED | [#108 decomp-zero-share-rose] The share of American diary days with no travel on them rose from | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | 12.1% (2003), 15.7% (2019), 20.5% (2024); recreated.
- CONFIRMED | [#109 decomp-less-than-half] The travelling day did shorten, detectably, but at less than half the rate: it is the second lever, not the first. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | -0.134 (z -2.58) against -0.309; 1.32 of 4.52 minutes.
- CONFIRMED | [#110 decomp-demography] The obvious objection is that the country simply got older, and older people travel less, so this is demography wearing a behavioural costume. It is not, or at least not mostly. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 1 - 0.23597/0.30879 = 24 per cent composition.
- CONFIRMED | [#111 decomp-28-cells] Splitting every year into 28 cells of age by sex by employment | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 7 age bands x 2 sexes x 2 = 28.
- MINOR | [#112 decomp-rest-is-behaviour] The rest is people of the same age, sex and employment status going out less often than people like them used to. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | K19, rest-is-going-out-less, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: standardised.json splits the standardised fall about 71 to 29 between going out less often and shorter travelling days; "The rest is people ... going out less often" compresses both into one.
- CONFIRMED | [#113 groups-young-lost] minutes of daily travel between 2003 and 2019, far more than any other age band, | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 85.024 to 70.447 = 14.6; next largest 25-34 at 5.2.
- CONFIRMED | [#114 groups-young-zero] their share of days with no travel nearly doubled from | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 6.66% to 11.62%, a rise of 75 per cent ("nearly doubled" is generous).
- CONFIRMED | [#115 groups-stopped-driving] That a generation of young people stopped driving and stopped going out is a published finding by other researchers; | https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196 | McDonald on driving; Kannan and Veazie (entry 35) on young people's social engagement out of home.
- CONFIRMED | [#116 groups-men-women-2003] minutes a day more than women. By 2019 the gap was | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 80.632 - 74.131 = 6.5; 72.76 - 72.729 = 0.03.
- CONFIRMED | [#117 groups-men-stopped] Women did not start travelling more. Men stopped. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | Men 80.6 to 72.8; women 74.1 to 72.7 (they also fell, by 1.4).
- CONFIRMED | [#118 purpose-care-loss] The largest single loss is travel to care for and help people who do not live with you, down | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | 5.3053 to 3.2381: -2.07, 39 per cent.
- CONFIRMED | [#119 purpose-top-two-77] Together those two are | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | (2.07 + 1.40) / 4.52 = 77 per cent.
- WRONG | [#120 tails-mostly] distribution that is mostly people who went nowhere and people who went a long way. | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | K20, tails-mostly, fix. Recomputed today from public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin with the page's own row decoding (standard-weight years, survey weights): zero-travel days 15.80 per cent, days over 120 minutes 15.52 per cent, together 31.3 per cent. The p-tails sentence built in the page script (index.html line 853, "a distribution that is mostly people who went nowhere and people who went a long way") is false: most days are neither. Fix the wording to describe the two tails without "mostly".
- CONFIRMED | [#121 purpose-work-shopping] minutes, and travel for shopping and errands did not fall at all: it is | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | work -0.78; shopping +0.04.
- UNVERIFIABLE | [#122 purpose-online-retail] which is worth sitting with, because two decades of online retail arrived inside that window and left the shopping trip alone. | FRED ECOMPCTSA (timed out twice); Census page per N1 gives only current figures | Plausible, but not shown; note the window 2003-2019 is 16 years, not "two decades".
- MINOR | [#123 purpose-not-commuting] What America stopped doing was not commuting and not shopping. It was going to see other people. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | K21, going-to-see-other-people, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: code 1812 includes "181283 Travel related to relaxing and leisure" and "181204 Travel related to arts and entertainment"; "going to see other people" stretches it. Same loose reading as K15.
- CONFIRMED | [#124 pandemic-weights] Under the pandemic weighting, American daily travel fell from | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/findings.json | 72.1078 to 51.065; 16.2% to 29.3%.
- CONFIRMED | [#125 pandemic-did-not-start] The pandemic did not start the decline, which was already running at | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | -0.31 per year through 2019.
- MINOR | [#126 pandemic-25-years] It advanced it by about | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | K22, pandemic-advanced-25-years, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: 7.73 min / 0.309 per year is 25 years, but the 7.73 is 2019 against 2024; loose about the interval.
- CONFIRMED | [#127 survives-share] Half a century of English mobility, and almost none of it was paid for out of the day. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | distance +45.21%, time +4.71%.
- CONFIRMED | [#128 survives-no-remainder] per cent longer doing it. Because distance is exactly speed times time, that growth splits with no remainder: | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 1.0471 x 1.3868 = 1.4521; residual -0.0000015.
- CONFIRMED | [#129 survives-cv] for distance. Time is about | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | cvTime 0.0252.
- CONFIRMED | [#130 survives-steadier] times steadier than distance. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/nts.json | 0.039 / 0.0252 = 1.55.
- CONFIRMED | [#131 explained-year] Knowing the year explains | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 0.41%.
- CONFIRMED | [#132 explained-all] Knowing all four together explains | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 3.0%.
- MINOR | [#133 check-twice] Every number on this page is recomputed from primary records, twice: once offline by | verify-the-hour-nobody-spends.mjs, recreated: in a scratch copy at 4fcb19ad5e, changed the dek's "0.997" to 0.555, "32 English survey years" to 99 and "0.23" to 0.99, and the page's three "32 English survey years" to 99: node verify-the-hour-nobody-spends.mjs still prints 295/295 | K23, check-twice-overclaim, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: an overclaim about the page's own checking: the computed numbers are recomputed, the static dek and opening-paragraph figures were not (the checker's scratch mutation left the verifier at 295/295). The verifier now asserts the survey-year count and the England level in the head and dek (added with the K12 and K13 fixes), but the sentence still claims more than the check covers.
- OBSERVED | [#134 check-quotes-pinned] are pinned to a SHA-256 of the source PDF and checked byte for byte against the extracted text. | recreated: verify-the-hour-nobody-spends.mjs in a pinned scratch copy with the two PDFs fetched today placed in data/: 304/304, both sha256 equal the pins, 7 spans re-found | The guide pin is to the June 2026 edition; the URL now serves the September 2026 edition (sha256 3d06f9f8...), so that pin cannot be re-checked against today's file, though all five guide sentences are in the new edition.
- CONFIRMED | [#135 check-residual-dust] is floating-point dust. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | 5.329e-15.
- CONFIRMED | [#136 footer-four-records] Built from four primary records and two papers. | public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html | ATUS, NTS0101, HETUS, the ATUS User's Guide; Marchetti 1994, Mokhtarian and Chen 2004.
- OBSERVED | [#137 footer-1-1-gb] The raw microdata is about 1.1 GB and is not committed; | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/README.md | "the 1.1 GB of BLS microdata (regenerable)".
- CONFIRMED | [#138 caveat-morris-gap] this page gets | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/standardised.json | -4.5204.
- CONFIRMED | [#139 caveat-nonresponse-quarter] The response rate fell by a quarter over the same window | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/guide.json | 57.8 to 42: 27 per cent.
- WRONG | [#140 prior-second-lever-near-hour] while the second held near Marchetti's hour until 2020. | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin (pinned 4fcb19ad5e) | K24, second-lever-near-hour, fix. Recomputed today from diaries.bin: mean travel among those who travelled is 87.86 min (2003) and 86.33 min (2019); findings.json gives the same (77.2643/(1-0.120595), 72.7439/(1-0.157387)). The sentence "the second held near Marchetti's hour until 2020" (index.html line 205) is false: the travelling day is about an hour and a half. Fix to the figure the data hold.
- CONFIRMED | [#141 caveat-same-diary-design] the diary design is the same in every year, | https://www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf | The guide records changes to the weights (2003-2006, 2020), the lexicon (2005) and added modules (eldercare from 2011), none to the 4 a.m. to 4 a.m. CATI diary.
- WRONG | (added) over two hours [stat tile] more than double the mean | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin | K25, over-two-hours-double-mean, fix. Recomputed today from diaries.bin: pooled mean 70.31 min, so double the mean is 140.6 min and 120 min is 1.71 times the mean; the tile counts days with more than 120 minutes (aggregate(): "if (x > 120) wOver += q"), 15.5 per cent, while days above double the mean are 11.3 per cent. The tile's sub-label "more than double the mean" (index.html line 257) is false. Relabel to what the tile counts.
- MINOR | (added) So the second factor above is Zahavi's number, the one that held still. | research/the-hour-that-did-not-move/data/errors.json | K26, held-still, list. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the page's own errors.json gives the travelling day -0.134 min a year (z -2.58) and the page itself says it shortened detectably; "the one that held still" is loose next to that, in a different sentence from the K24 fix.
- CONFIRMED | (added) Cesare Marchetti, "Anthropological invariants in travel behavior", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 47(1):75-88, 1994. Read from the IIASA reprint RR-95-4 (May 1995). | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/0040-1625(94)90041-8 | Crossref: C. Marchetti, TFSC 47(1) 75-88, September 1994; the reprint's cover: "RR-95-4 May 1995".
- CONFIRMED | (added) Patricia L. Mokhtarian and Cynthia Chen, "TTB or not TTB, that is the question: a review and analysis of the empirical literature on travel time (and money) budgets", Transportation Research Part A 38(9-10):643-675, 2004. Author postprint, open access via UC eScholarship. | https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.tra.2003.12.004 | Crossref: TR-A Policy and Practice 38(9-10) 643-675, November 2004; eScholarship "UC Davis Previously Published Works".
- OBSERVED | (added) What is worth noticing is 2024, four years later and on the ordinary weight again: 65.0 minutes a day against 72.7 in 2019 ... Both are recovering and neither has returned. | recreated: node N2/tools/dist.mjs public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/diaries.bin | Means 2021 58.2, 2022 60.3, 2023 62.2, 2024 65.0; zero shares 25.8, 22.9, 22.3, 20.5 per cent; 2019 72.7 and 15.7.

## Findings

- [declined] K1 (MINOR, zahavi-fieldwork-place): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: Marchetti (RR-95-04, p. 75, per the checker) writes "The field work of Zahavi (6, 7], who was at the World Bank when he did it"; the reports were published by US DOT, so "fieldwork for the US Department of Transportation" is loose rather than false.
- [declined] K2 (MINOR, zahavi-not-constant-framing): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: M&C call Zahavi and Talvitie "proponents of a constant travel time budget" while quoting their "belief that travel time and money budgets are not constant"; the quoted words are verbatim, the page's framing is loose.
- [fixed] K3 (WRONG, goodwin-sentence-misattributed), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:374 (lead-in to q-goodwin): Recast the lead-in: Goodwin's 1981 argument is stated in the page's words (per traveller depends on survey length, per person does not), and the quoted sentence is introduced as Mokhtarian and Chen's illustration of it. The quotation is unchanged. Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K4 (MINOR, mcguckin-copresenter-dropped): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the TRB title slide names Nancy McGuckin and Anthony Fucci (Westat); the citation names only McGuckin, a citation completeness slip.
- [declined] K5 (MINOR, kannan-companionship-codes): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: Kannan and Veazie build companionship from who-with codes restricted to leisure activity codes ("spent with anyone while engaged in socializing, relaxing, leisure..."); "not its activity codes" is loose wording in the prior-work summary.
- [declined] K6 (MINOR, morris-eight-vs-seven): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the paper is unreadable; co-author slides say "fell 7 minutes"; "about eight" is a precision slip against a secondary source.
- [declined] K7 (MINOR, mode-shift-alone): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: McGuckin's slide 8 says zero-trip reports differ "significantly" by method; "the shift alone moves the number" is stronger than the slides, which also list frame and recruitment changes.
- [declined] K8 (MINOR, atus-2020-partial-year-figure): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide's published 2020 figures cover May 10 to December 31; the ten-month coverage belongs to the TU20FWGT weight. Loose wording about what BLS supplies.
- [declined] K9 (MINOR, exactly-one-comparison): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide supplies TU20FWGT for 2019 "To facilitate analyses with 2019 data" but never says only one comparison is legitimate; an overstatement.
- [declined] K10 (MINOR, homebound-trip-exception): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the guide's next sentence, "Homebound trips are an exception", qualifies "Every trip ... the activity the traveller did next"; the page's quotation says "In most cases", so the reader is told of exceptions in the quotation itself.
- [declined] K11 (MINOR, first-two-digits): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: 17 and 18 are the first two digits of the six-digit codes (the guide: "The first two digits represent the major activity category"); a precision slip.
- [fixed] K12 (WRONG, english-survey-years-32), src/content/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends.md:4 (dek), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:8 (meta description), :31 (JSON-LD description), :157 (opening paragraph): "32 English survey years" to "35 English survey years" in all four copies, per nts.json summary.surveyYears 35. Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [fixed] K13 (WRONG, england-level-0997), src/content/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends.md:4 (dek): "0.997 hours in England" to "0.996 hours in England", per nts.json meanHoursPerDay 0.9957. Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K14 (MINOR, england-slope-023): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: nts.json cleanWindow slope -0.23523 rounds to 0.24 at two places; the dek's "0.23" truncates. A precision slip in a dek sentence that no WRONG fix touches.
- [declined] K15 (MINOR, travel-to-others-first): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: findings.json ranks the 2003-2019 losses by size (1804 -2.07, 1812 -1.40); 1812 includes leisure and entertainment travel, and "first" is not measured. Loose wording.
- [fixed] K16 (WRONG, level-three-decimals), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:8 (meta description): "The level is right to three decimals." to "The level is close to right." (England 0.996 h, US 1.17 h, Europe 1.24 h). Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K17 (MINOR, late-1990s-five-times): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the overlapping rolling rows put a late-1990s year in at most three rows; "five times over" overstates the over-weighting.
- [fixed] K18 (WRONG, survey-records-not-when), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:240 (draw-a-day hint): "the survey records how many minutes of the day went on travel, not when" to "the summary file used here records how many minutes of the day went on travel, not when" (the guide: the Activity file carries start and stop times). Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K19 (MINOR, rest-is-going-out-less): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: standardised.json splits the standardised fall about 71 to 29 between going out less often and shorter travelling days; "The rest is people ... going out less often" compresses both into one.
- [fixed] K20 (WRONG, tails-mostly), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:853 (p-tails, built in the page script): "a distribution that is mostly people who went nowhere and people who went a long way" to "a distribution with a pile of people who went nowhere at one end and a long tail of people who went a long way at the other" (the two tails are 31.3 per cent of days, recomputed from diaries.bin). Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K21 (MINOR, going-to-see-other-people): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: code 1812 includes "181283 Travel related to relaxing and leisure" and "181204 Travel related to arts and entertainment"; "going to see other people" stretches it. Same loose reading as K15.
- [declined] K22 (MINOR, pandemic-advanced-25-years): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: 7.73 min / 0.309 per year is 25 years, but the 7.73 is 2019 against 2024; loose about the interval.
- [declined] K23 (MINOR, check-twice-overclaim): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: an overclaim about the page's own checking: the computed numbers are recomputed, the static dek and opening-paragraph figures were not (the checker's scratch mutation left the verifier at 295/295). The verifier now asserts the survey-year count and the England level in the head and dek (added with the K12 and K13 fixes), but the sentence still claims more than the check covers.
- [fixed] K24 (WRONG, second-lever-near-hour), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:205 (prior-work note): "while the second held near Marchetti's hour until 2020" to "while the second, about an hour and a half among those who travelled, moved much less until 2020" (87.9 min 2003, 86.3 min 2019). Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [fixed] K25 (WRONG, over-two-hours-double-mean), public/strata/the-hour-nobody-spends/index.html:257 (stat tile sub-label): "more than double the mean" to "more than 120 minutes of travel" (120 min is 1.71 times the 70.3 min mean). Carried in the Corrected 2026-10-18 line on the page and mirrored in the markdown.
- [declined] K26 (MINOR, held-still): listed, not edited, under the tier B rule. Tier B MINOR in a sentence no WRONG fix touches, so listed, not edited: the page's own errors.json gives the travelling day -0.134 min a year (z -2.58) and the page itself says it shortened detectably; "the one that held still" is loose next to that, in a different sentence from the K24 fix.
- [fixed] verifier (no triage item; supports K12, K13 and K23): verify-the-hour-nobody-spends.mjs section 9 and its public copy public/checks/verify-the-hour-nobody-spends.mjs now assert that every typed "N English survey years" in the markdown and the page equals nts.json summary.surveyYears, and that the dek's "hours in England" equals summary.meanHoursPerDay to three places, leaving out the dated Corrected notes. Made to fail on purpose (dek put back to 0.997 and 32: 295/297, both new checks FAILED), then restored: 297/297.