---
slug: the-word-for-both
passed: 2026-10-14
by: the assay line (research/assay-line/cited-1014b/), Codex fixer directed by claude-assaying-boyle-1014; source record by Codex, checked by Codex
checked: 135
confirmed: 115
wrong: 20
unverifiable: 0
observed: 0
stale: 0
---

This was the directed corrective pass over all 21 items in research/assay-line/cited-1014b/the-word-for-both/triage.json, against this layer's authored HTML, inline JavaScript and markdown at f5e5f84f34. The fixer re-read the evidence for every edit, applied 12 WRONG fixes and one MINOR fix, left seven listed MINOR findings unchanged, and rejected X11 with evidence. This record also carries forward all 114 CONFIRMED lines from the earlier Codex N2 check, explicitly attributed to that check rather than presented as 114 fresh source re-reads by this fixer.

The 20 in `wrong` comprises 12 WRONG and eight MINOR lines. Every WRONG or MINOR has its own finding. X11 is CONFIRMED. The inherited interpretive confirmations retain N2's qualifications. Ellipses in copied claims or assessments mark omitted wording or punctuation. The 44 OBSERVED and three UNVERIFIABLE entries from N2 remain in that source record and are outside this directed triage; no new disposition is claimed for them. See the layer's fix-report.md for the edit ledger, exact correction lines, checks and limitations.

## Claims

- MINOR | X1: “Ask a Hebraist for the most important word in the Hebrew Bible and a great many will say this one.” | https://voice.dts.edu/article/and-then-we-saw-the-storks-gods-loyal-love/ | Re-read the DTS account. It reports Waltke's judgment, without a count of Hebraists. The triage treats this as unsupported breadth rather than a disproved judgment; leave the sentence unchanged.
- WRONG | X2: “the first thing God says about his own character.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml; https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Re-read KJV Exodus 20:5, 22:27 and 34:6. Earlier passages describe jealousy and graciousness, and mercy and graciousness precede goodness even in 34:6. The prose now calls hesed part of the Exodus 34:6 self-description.
- WRONG | X3: “The Septuagint, a thousand years earlier, did the reverse: it flattened ḥesed into a single Greek word” ... “ἔλεος, pity” ... “and that flattening became the Latin misericordia and the English mercy we still read.” | https://academic.oup.com/book/39198 | Re-read Dorival's Oxford abstract: the Greek Torah dates to the third century BCE and other books followed. The comparison is with the 1611 KJV. Both chronology passages now distinguish the Torah's date from the later books.
- WRONG | X4: “tagged two different words spelled חסד.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md; research/chesed/extract.mjs | Re-read OSHB's README and research/chesed/extract.mjs. OSHB supplies modern augmented lemma attributes; the extractor maps the b suffix to II. The prose now separates Masoretic pointing from modern OSHB tagging.
- MINOR | X5: “James Strong's 1894 concordance, working before that split was standard, filed both under one number (H2617) and let its gloss run, tellingly, all the way from “(loving-)kindness, mercy” to “reproach, wicked thing.”” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/strongs/master/hebrew/strongs-hebrew-dictionary.js | Re-read Strong's H2617 entry. It combines the positive and negative glosses but gives no history of when the homonym distinction became standard. Removed only that unsupported historical explanation in the sentence also fixed for X6; no separate page correction line.
- WRONG | X6: “(loving-)kindness, mercy” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/strongs/master/hebrew/strongs-hebrew-dictionary.js | Re-read H2617 kjv_def. The sequence is "(loving-) kindness, merciful (kindness), mercy". Restored the omitted words and source spacing within the quotation; retained the quotation as a quotation.
- MINOR | X7: “The King James translators were better Hebraists than the Greek of Alexandria gave them credit for, and they could feel that mercy would not cover every ḥesed.” | https://hc.edu/museums/dunham-bible-museum/reprints-from-the-collection/prefaces-to-major-bible-editions/1611-king-james-version/ | Re-read the 1611 preface. Its general policy allows varied phrasing, but does not record a hesed-specific motive. Triage keeps the inference MINOR because the source does not prove it false; leave it unchanged.
- WRONG | X8: “The last two chips are the homonym” ... “the King James, like everyone, read those two verses as ḥesed II and rendered them reproach and a wicked thing.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm; https://www.associationforjewishstudies.org/docs/default-source/conference-files/other-conference-materials/2006-ajs-conference-abstracts.pdf?sfvrsn=1bcedb06_4 | Re-read the AJS 2006 abstract on PDF page 277. It identifies interpreters who retain loyalty or kindness at Leviticus 20:17. That disproves unanimity. Replaced everyone with the dominant reading; preserved the KJV renderings.
- MINOR | X9: “Most modern translations followed.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible | Re-read Matheny's translation examples. They include several competing renderings and name ESV and NRSVue for steadfast love, without a modern-version census. Triage leaves the majority generalization MINOR and listed.
- WRONG | X10: “Read in the original, God's central claim about himself is a single, untranslatable note struck 251 times.” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/; https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml; research/chesed/occurrences.json | Re-read KJV Ruth 3:10 and Leviticus 20:17, and their records in research/chesed/occurrences.json. The 251 records include human kindness and the shame homonym. The conclusion and social descriptions now count the word in varied contexts, keeping 251.
- CONFIRMED | X11: “On the two senses. ḥesed II is a genuine, if minority, lexical entry, not a scribal quirk; BDB and HALOT both list it.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm; https://yausha.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Hebrew-and-Aramaic-lexicon-of-the-Old-Testament-study-edition-volume-1.pdf; research/chesed/extract.mjs; research/assay-line/cited-1014b/the-word-for-both/N2-codex.md | REJECTED with evidence: BDB lists shame/reproach as II; Codex N2 entries 079 and 142 report that HALOT also lists the shame sense, in the reverse numerical order. The page uses its own established OSHB a/b-to-I/II labels, and says both lexicons list the sense, not that both assign it numeral II. Re-read BDB, the local context and extractor; the HALOT collation is inherited from N2, not newly fetched by this fixer. This is the triage's reason for CONFIRMED.
- WRONG | X12: “A handful of scholars have proposed reading even Leviticus 20:17 as a faded sense I (“an act between kin”); the dominant reading, and the Masoretic tag followed here, is the disgrace sense.” | https://www.associationforjewishstudies.org/docs/default-source/conference-files/other-conference-materials/2006-ajs-conference-abstracts.pdf?sfvrsn=1bcedb06_4; https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md; research/chesed/extract.mjs | Re-read OSHB's README, the extractor and the AJS abstract. The minority kindness reading is supported. Changed only the false Masoretic attribution of the lemma tag to OSHB; retained the authorial kin gloss.
- WRONG | X13: “3rd–2nd c. BCE” | https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34470/chapter-abstract/292460292 | Re-read Olofsson's Oxford abstract. It dates the LXX Psalms to the second or first century BCE. The Greek Psalm 135:1 row now says "2nd or 1st c. BCE", retaining uncertainty and the Greek quotation.
- MINOR | X14: “Most modern versions followed.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible | Same unsupported majority claim as X9. Matheny names examples without a defined census. Triage lists this separate script sentence as MINOR; it remains unchanged while the separate source labels are corrected.
- WRONG | X15: “RSV Old Testament (1952); rendering named, not quoted (copyright).” | https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/; git show 4df1d97700:public/strata/the-word-for-both/index.html | Compared the displayed inline-JavaScript refrain with RSV Psalm 136:1 on Bible Gateway. It is a brief quotation. Corrected the source label, the adjacent named annotation and the corresponding colophon description; preserved the verse words and 1952 date.
- WRONG | X16: “Public-domain layers quoted verbatim; the RSV's “steadfast love” is named, not quoted (in copyright).” | git show 4df1d97700:public/strata/the-word-for-both/index.html | The static transmission footer denied quoting the same RSV refrain that the code displays. It now acknowledges a brief quotation; the shared dated correction also covers X15.
- MINOR | X17: “and the West's picture of God's central attribute shifted from faithfulness to mercy.” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm | Re-read Thayer's eleos entry. A lexical definition does not establish a reception history across the whole West. Triage keeps the interpretive generalization MINOR and asks for attribution or historical evidence; no edit.
- MINOR | X18: “The same translators, the same Greek Bible, the same kind of consequential narrowing” | https://academic.oup.com/book/39198 | Re-read Dorival's abstract and the relation note. The source describes the Torah translation followed by other books without identifying the Isaiah and Psalms translators as the same people. Triage lists this collective shorthand MINOR; no edit.
- WRONG | X19: “No third-party request.” | git show 4df1d97700:public/strata/the-word-for-both/index.html; https://artwaste.land/strata/the-word-for-both/; git show 4df1d97700:oversight/requests/033-the-beacon-breaks-the-pages-own-no-third-party-check.md; oversight/requests/033-the-beacon-breaks-the-pages-own-no-third-party-check.md | Fetched the live layer on 2026-10-14 and read its script src: https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js. Request 033's 2026-10-11 addendum records injection since 2026-06-10, before this layer's 2026-06-18 creation. The claim was WRONG, not STALE. Narrowed it to the fonts loading from this site.
- WRONG | X20: “the Masoretes tagged a homonym.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md; research/chesed/extract.mjs | Re-read OSHB's README and the extractor. Changed the markdown's Masorete attribution to the OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible. Covered with X4 and X12 by one mirrored dated correction.
- MINOR | X21: “the Hebrew is unambiguous (ḥesed = covenant love)” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Re-read BDB and the relation context. BDB includes human kindness and the shame homonym; the relation is summarizing the divine-love example. Triage treats the unqualified parenthesis as a MINOR scope problem, not a separately disproved contextual reading; no edit.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [001 opening-covenant]: “There is a word the Hebrew Bible turns on” ... “the steadfast love God keeps because he has bound himself to keep it.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied excerpt establishes translation difficulty, not the covenant definition. The full Matheny article discusses covenant and also non-covenant relationships; SAHD sections 4 and 6 support the relational interpretation. Read this as the page's stated interpretation, not an exclusive dictionary definition.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [002 opening-count]: “It is in the book 251 times” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied KJV rendering frequencies sum to 248, not 251. The same BLB page separately says “which occurs 251 times in 241 verses in the WLC Hebrew.” Independent OSHB extraction agrees at 251. The page number is correct; the selected excerpt is the wrong count.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [003 opening-no-equivalent]: “no English word holds it” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible | Carried forward from Codex N2: Matheny explicitly describes the lack of an adequate one-word equivalent. This supports the translation-critical claim, without asserting that translation or explanation is impossible.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [004 opening-translation-directions]: “So the translators broke it: the Greeks into one word, the English into a dozen.” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/; https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: BLB supports twelve KJV rendering categories but says nothing about Greek. Harlăoanu p. 64 and SAHD section 4 support the overwhelmingly common Greek rendering. Read with the page's explicit 213/245 qualification, not as a claim that there are no Greek exceptions.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [005 opening-two-disgraces]: “And in two verses the same word means disgrace.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB distinguishes the shame/reproach lexeme and names both verses. OSHB tags exactly those two occurrences with b.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [007 divine-character]: “the loyal, unearned, covenant-keeping love that does not let go.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Exodus 34:6 supplies the divine self-description but does not itself spell out the whole lexical definition. Matheny, SAHD and the Sakenfeld discussion supply the relational and freely given dimensions. The page later discloses the scholarly disagreement.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [010 no-english-equivalent]: “And it has no English equivalent.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible | Carried forward from Codex N2: Same lexical claim as entry 3; the full scholarly discussion supports the stated lack of a single adequate English equivalent.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [012 semantic-components]: “Second, it is untranslatable in the strict sense: it bundles together things English keeps in separate words” ... “love and loyalty, kindness and obligation, the warm feeling and the binding promise” ... “so that any single English word drops most of it.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Matheny and SAHD support a semantic field spanning kindness, loyalty and relational obligation. The full article qualifies that these components vary by context. Treated as the page's synthesis of the debate, not a claim that every token contains every component.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [013 kjv-dozen]: “The King James, working from the Hebrew, found no word big enough and so shattered ḥesed into about a dozen English words.” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The twelve listed BLB categories support “about a dozen”. The specific motive attributed to the KJV translators is assessed separately in entry 44.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [015 masoretes-date]: “the scribes who, around the turn of the first millennium, fixed Hebrew's vowels with points” | https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10465-masorah | Carried forward from Codex N2: The tenth-century Ben Asher/Ben Naphtali codices support the approximate date for consolidation of the pointing tradition. The article also describes earlier stages; the page need not imply that all pointing began on one date.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [017 two-lexemes]: “The lexicons call them ḥesed I and ḥesed II.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB uses I and II for these lexemes; HALOT reverses the order. Confirmed as the page's established convention. X11 rejects the separate finding because both lexicons list the sense even though their numbering differs.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [018 second-sense]: “The second means shame, disgrace, a reproach.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The second entry in BDB is explicitly “shame, reproach” and cites Leviticus 20:17 and Proverbs 14:34.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [019 same-pointed-word]: “In their plain dictionary form they are the same pointed word” ... “חֶסֶד, segol and segol, vowels and all.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Lev.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The raw OSHB XML excerpt exists exactly, despite the online checker stripping its markup before searching. After cantillation is removed, Exodus 34:6 and Leviticus 20:17 both yield חֶסֶד. These are the same five Unicode characters; vowel pointing is retained.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [020 twice-only]: “It happens exactly twice, and you can read both.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB gives the two passages; the independent OSHB extraction finds exactly two b-tagged tokens, Lev.20.17 and Prov.14.34.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [021 lev-short]: “calls the act a ḥesed” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: KJV and OSHB confirm the incest-law occurrence. The automated quotation warning is punctuation: the verse has “a wicked thing;”. The page's shorter quotation is faithful to the words.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [022 proverbs-adapted]: “sin is a ḥesed to any people” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The Hebrew lemma is present at Proverbs 14:34. The page deliberately substitutes the Hebrew word into the KJV sentence as an explanatory gloss; it is not pretending that the KJV prints ḥesed.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [023 love-and-incest]: “The very letters that, in Exodus, name God's abounding love name, in Leviticus, an incest.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Lev.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The XML excerpt is present in the raw source. Its markup caused the online false negative. Exodus 34:6 and Leviticus 20:17 contain the respective a and b occurrences with identical pointed base forms.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [024 roots-aramaic-syriac]: “The lexica (Brown–Driver–Briggs; Koehler–Baumgartner) treat these as two roots that fell together” ... “ḥesed II is usually linked to an Aramaic and Syriac verb meaning to shame, to put to reproach.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2616.htm; https://yausha.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Hebrew-and-Aramaic-lexicon-of-the-Old-Testament-study-edition-volume-1.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB and HALOT connect the shame lexeme with Aramaic/Syriac forms. HALOT also treats the shame and loyalty roots separately. Roman numerals differ between the lexicons, as recorded under entry 79.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [027 strongs-reproach]: “reproach, wicked thing.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/strongs/master/hebrew/strongs-hebrew-dictionary.js | Carried forward from Codex N2: The source gloss ends exactly “reproach, wicked thing.”
- CONFIRMED | N2 [028 augmented-tags]: “The split here follows the augmented tagging in the OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible, which marks the two senses 2617 a and 2617 b.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md | Carried forward from Codex N2: The README describes augmented Strong's tags; the actual XML uses “2617 a” and “2617 b”. Attribution to OSHB is correct here.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [030 same-spelling]: “The word for the love that keeps its promise is spelled exactly like the word for the promise broken.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB and the primary OSHB verses support the shared pointed base form. The promise language is the author's comparison, not a separately measurable etymology.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [031 context-alone]: “Hebrew left them to be told apart by the sentence alone.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB has separate meanings with the same written noun, and context selects the reading. This is a lexical observation; it does not mean that syntax or wider context is irrelevant.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [032 lxx-origins]: “Three centuries before Christ, in Alexandria, Jewish translators rendered the Hebrew scriptures into Greek” ... “the Septuagint, the Bible of the Greek-speaking world and, later, of the early Church.” | https://academic.oup.com/book/39198 | Carried forward from Codex N2: Dorival's full description dates the Torah to the third century BCE and says other books followed. Confirmed as the beginning of the Septuagint project. The separate date specifically attached to the Psalms needs correction in entry 114.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [033 lxx-eleos]: “Faced with ḥesed, they reached, overwhelmingly, for a single word: ἔλεος eleos” ... “mercy, pity, compassion.” | https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf; https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Harlăoanu pp. 63 to 64 manually. His 213/245 count and SAHD's independent discussion support the overwhelmingly common eleos rendering.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [034 lxx-statistic]: “One lexical study counts 213 of ḥesed's 245 occurrences rendered by ἔλεος” ... “about 87%” | https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: The PDF says “Eleos is used to translate hesed for 213 times of the 245 hesed’s presence in Hebrew Bible”. 213 / 245 * 100 = 86.9387755%. Confirmed as an attributed published count, not an independently recomputed Greek alignment.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [036 greek-pity-emotion]: “It is the wrong word, and the wrongness is precise. ἔλεος is the feeling of the fortunate toward the wretched” ... “what you extend to a beggar, the emotion an audience owes a tragedy.” | https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.2.ii.html; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Aristotle confirms the classical pity-as-emotion account; he is not alone evidence for biblical Greek. SAHD section 4 explicitly supports the translation-loss interpretation. Read as criticism grounded in that scholarly position, rather than an uncontested fact about all Greek usage.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [037 bond-versus-mood]: “It is a mood. ḥesed is a bond: not pity flowing downhill but the faithfulness owed inside a relationship that both sides have entered.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Matheny supports relationship and covenant but allows uses outside covenant. SAHD section 4 expressly contrasts the Greek rendering with Hebrew reciprocity. The page's bond/mood contrast is an attested interpretive position, not a new demonstrated lexical law.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [038 greek-lost-covenant]: “The Greek kept the tenderness and lost the covenant.” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Thayer's excerpt alone does not prove loss of covenant semantics. SAHD explicitly makes that argument, quoted in the shared semantic-evidence note below. Goldingay supplies a contrary scholarly reading. Confirmed as an attested interpretation; do not report the entire thesis as false.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [039 latin-inheritance]: “And because Jerome's Latin Vulgate carried ἔλεος over as misericordia” ... “miser + cor, “a heart for the wretched,” pity again” ... “the entire Latin West read God's defining attribute as mercy for a thousand years.” | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12533a.htm; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The Gallican Psalter history, the Clementine text and Lewis & Short establish the Greek/Latin transmission and mercy vocabulary. Medieval use supports the approximate thousand-year span. The semantic-loss characterization is the SAHD-supported interpretation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [040 kjv-most-common]: “Even the King James, translating freshly from the Hebrew, kept the inheritance: its single most common rendering of ḥesed is the Septuagint's choice, wearing English clothes” ... “mercy.” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: BLB lists “mercy (149x)”, more than any other KJV rendering. The Greek/Latin connection is supported by SAHD and the Psalter history. It does not require a claim that every translator consciously copied a Greek word.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [041 psalm-refrain-count]: “Psalm 136 is built from a single refrain, repeated 26 times” | https://bible.usccb.org/bible/psalms/136 | Carried forward from Codex N2: USCCB describes the recurring chorus. Primary OSHB extraction independently counts 26 hesed tokens in the 26 verses of Psalm 136.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [042 hebrew-refrain]: “כִּי לְעוֹלָם חַסְדּוֹ” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Ps.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The exact XML words are present. Remove cantillation, maqaf and the analytical slash separators for display and the page's pointed refrain agrees. The checker's raw-XML versus stripped-text comparison is a false negative.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [043 author-refrain-gloss]: “for his ḥesed is forever.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: This is the author's English gloss of the Hebrew refrain, supported by the Hebrew text. It is not presented as a quotation from a named English Bible.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [045 kjv-renderings-list]: “So where the Septuagint had collapsed the word into one, they did the opposite” ... “they let it fracture, choosing a different English word almost sentence by sentence: mercy here, kindness there, lovingkindness, goodness, favour, pity, kindly.” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: All seven named KJV rendering families are in BLB. The page's separate 213/245 statement qualifies the shorthand about one Greek word.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [046 one-hebrew-word]: “True to each verse, and false to the fact that the Hebrew had used one word the whole time.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: OSHB confirms the same Strong's lemma beneath the different KJV renderings. This describes a lemma, not the assertion that all Hebrew inflections have identical surface spelling.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [050 homonym-reverse]: “They belong in the spray because they are spelled the same; they belong apart because they mean the reverse.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB and the OSHB tokens confirm the same pointed noun for the two dictionary senses. The “reverse” phrasing is an interpretation of their contrast.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [052 coverdale-bible]: “In 1535, Miles Coverdale, making the first complete printed English Bible, hit ḥesed in the Psalms and found” ... “as everyone did” ... “that no English word fit.” | https://collections.museumofthebible.org/artifacts/10847-coverdale-bible | Carried forward from Codex N2: Museum of the Bible identifies Coverdale's 1535 volume as the first complete printed English Bible. The account of his need is the conventional explanatory reading of the coinage, not a documented quotation from his thoughts.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [053 coverdale-spelling]: “So he built one: he set loving beside kindness and wrote louinge kyndnesse.” | https://www.tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/wiki/Loving_Kindness; https://biblehub.com/coverdale/psalms/18.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Coverdale Psalm 18:50: “sheweth louinge kyndnesse vnto Dauid his anoynted”. This primary text confirms the spelling; the supplied secondary excerpt uses the closed compound.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [054 oed-earliest]: “The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest record of lovingkindness is that 1535 Psalter; the King James kept it; it is in the language now because a translator needed it and English did not have it.” | https://www.ht.ac.uk/downloads/HTOED_Sample.pdf; https://biblehub.com/coverdale/psalms/18.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Opened the Historical Thesaurus sample despite the direct-fetch denial: the entry begins “loving-kindness 1535”. Its retrieved PDF text continues “a 1729–”, whereas N1 transcribes “c1729-”; the relevant heading is 02.02.22.06, not the recorded 02.02.22.05. These source-record details do not affect the page's 1535 claim. Coverdale and the KJV primary texts confirm actual use. This is an earliest-attestation claim, not proof that no earlier unrecorded use existed.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [055 coverdale-coined]: “A word coined to patch a hole left by a word that would not translate.” | https://www.ht.ac.uk/downloads/HTOED_Sample.pdf; https://biblehub.com/coverdale/psalms/18.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The 1535 earliest attestation, primary Coverdale text and conventional attribution support the coinage account. The thesaurus alone does not document Coverdale's private motive. Treat the patching metaphor as interpretation. The later-date transcription and section-location issues in this repeated N1 excerpt are described in entry 54; they do not change the page's date.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [056 repair-four-centuries]: “The deeper repair waited four centuries.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: 1535 to 1952 is 417 years, appropriately rounded to four centuries; the interpretation of repair is discussed separately.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [057 rsv-standard-rendering]: “The Revised Standard Version (Old Testament, 1952) made a decision the Septuagint had made impossible to inherit: it rendered ḥesed, as its standard, “steadfast love”” ... “two words, holding both halves, the warmth and the bond.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20136&version=RSV; https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: RSV Psalm 136 has “for his steadfast love endures for ever.” The version history dates the Old Testament publication to 1952. SAHD supports the relational component of the lexical interpretation; a single verse alone would not establish an exhaustive RSV census.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [058 rsv-short]: “it rendered ḥesed, as its standard, “steadfast love”” | https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20136&version=RSV | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the repeated RSV refrain in Psalm 136. Its phrase is “steadfast love”. The general treatment is also consistent with the scholarly translation discussions.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [060 covenant-restored]: “The covenant sense the Greek filtered out in Alexandria was, at last, back in the English.” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied Thayer definition alone cannot establish a historical recovery in English. SAHD supports the semantic-loss argument and the RSV text supplies the contrasting rendering. Read “back” as the page's critical comparison, not a proof that English readers previously had no covenant concept.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [061 scholarship-unsettled]: “What the word meant all along is its own scholarly story, and an honest one to tell because it is unsettled.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible | Carried forward from Codex N2: Matheny describes the range of definitions and the debate over the covenant restriction. Read the full article, not only the one-word-equivalent excerpt.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [062 glueck-obligation]: “Nelson Glueck's 1927 dissertation argued that ḥesed was essentially obligation” ... “the conduct owed within a covenant, almost a legal term.” | https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7983/24131 | Carried forward from Codex N2: The HTS article gives Glueck's 1927 dissertation and discusses obligation within covenant relationships. Confirmed as a summary of Glueck's position, which later scholarship disputes.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [063 sakenfeld-free-help]: “Katharine Doob Sakenfeld's 1978 study pushed back: ḥesed is help given freely, to someone in real need, by the one positioned to give it” ... “not contractual, but not unbound either; loyalty that chooses to act.” | https://www.messianicstudies.com/uploads/1/3/3/3/13335212/resnik_hesed_and_hospitality_embracing_our_place_on_the_margins.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Resnik's discussion and its citation of Sakenfeld's 1978 study. It states “the helper does so in his own freedom”. The other conditions involve need and the helper's ability. The page's summary is fair.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [064 feeling-and-duty]: “The truth the translators kept stumbling on is that the word lives exactly where English splits the world in two” ... “between the feeling and the duty, the gift and the promise” ... “and refuses to land on either side.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Matheny, Sakenfeld and SAHD support the combination of relational commitment and freely given aid. This is the page's synthesis of an explicitly unsettled debate.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [065 greek-feeling]: “The Greek made it a feeling.” | https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.2.ii.html; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Aristotle supports the classical emotion sense; SAHD supports the narrowing argument for this translation. Classified as an attested scholarly interpretation, not a universal statement that biblical eleos can only denote a feeling.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [066 latin-feeling]: “The Latin made it a feeling.” | https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?met=up&ord=misericordia; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Lewis & Short gives pity/compassion, while SAHD explicitly discusses the loss of reciprocity in this rendering. The page's sentence is interpretive shorthand, not evidence that the Latin word never denotes action.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [067 english-four-hundred-years]: “The English spent four hundred years climbing back toward the promise.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: 1535 to 1952 is 417 years. The four-hundred-year chronology is sound as a rounded interval; “climbing back” is the author's interpretive framing.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [068 summary-translation-history]: “The Septuagint chose the tenderness and lost the bond; the King James kept the bond by giving up on one word; Coverdale minted a word; the moderns reached back.” | https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/hesed-hebrew-bible; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: Checked each component through the fuller sources: SAHD on loss, BLB and the primary KJV on variation, Coverdale's actual phrase, and the RSV refrain. The source record's lone Matheny excerpt does not by itself establish this whole history.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [081 two-verses-basis]: “The crux is real, not manufactured” ... “but it rests on two verses, and the piece says so.” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB lists the same two verses and independent OSHB extraction yields exactly two b tokens. This confirms the limited basis of the displayed homonym contrast.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [082 public-domain-texts]: “The Hebrew (Leningrad Codex), the Septuagint (Swete), the Clementine Vulgate, and the King James (1611/1769) are public domain and quoted verbatim.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the README license text and the primary Greek, Hebrew, Latin and KJV passages. The online NOT FOUND is a whitespace/Markdown matching problem: normalized text contains the excerpt. The modern OSHB morphology has its own attribution license, distinct from the ancient text; the page quotes the text.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [083 modern-copyright]: “The RSV (1952) and other modern versions are in copyright; their renderings are named and described, never quoted at length.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20136&version=RSV | Carried forward from Codex N2: The RSV passage carries the cited copyright notice. The page quotes a short refrain, not a long passage, so this particular “never quoted at length” statement is accurate. The stronger “not quoted” labels are separately wrong in entries 132 and 133.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [091 kjv-ps-136-1]: “O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Psalm 136:1 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [092 kjv-ruth-3-10]: “And he said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my daughter: for thou hast shewed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning, inasmuch as thou followedst not young men, whether poor or rich.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Ruth 3:10 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation. Its kindness is a human act, relevant to entry 69.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [093 kjv-ps-103-4]: “Who redeemeth thy life from destruction; who crowneth thee with lovingkindness and tender mercies;” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Psalm 103:4 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [094 kjv-hos-6-4]: “O Ephraim, what shall I do unto thee? O Judah, what shall I do unto thee? for your goodness is as a morning cloud, and as the early dew it goeth away.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Hosea 6:4 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [095 kjv-esth-2-17]: “And the king loved Esther above all the women, and she obtained grace and favour in his sight more than all the virgins; so that he set the royal crown upon her head, and made her queen instead of Vashti.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Esther 2:17 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [096 kjv-gen-47-29]: “And the time drew nigh that Israel must die: and he called his son Joseph, and said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly with me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt:” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Genesis 47:29 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [097 kjv-job-6-14]: “To him that is afflicted pity should be shewed from his friend; but he forsaketh the fear of the Almighty.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Job 6:14 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [098 kjv-ps-117-2]: “For his merciful kindness is great toward us: and the truth of the LORD endureth for ever. Praise ye the LORD.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Psalm 117:2 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [099 kjv-neh-13-14]: “Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the offices thereof.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Nehemiah 13:14 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [100 kjv-prov-14-34]: “Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Proverbs 14:34 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words and punctuation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [101 kjv-lev-20-17]: “And if a man shall take his sister, his father’s daughter, or his mother’s daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness; it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister’s nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared this entire Leviticus 20:17 quotation with the primary OSIS verse: exact words, allowing typographic apostrophes. The source record uses the same apostrophe presentation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [102 crux-exodus]: “the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth,” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The displayed crux extracts the clause following the KJV opening “And”. Its words match the primary Exodus 34:6 verse; capitalizing the extracted sentence does not change the quotation's content.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [103 crux-leviticus]: “And if a man shall take his sister … it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people …” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the complete Leviticus 20:17 verse and verified both retained fragments. The omissions are explicitly shown with ellipses.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [104 lxx-refrain]: “ὅτι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ” | https://biblehub.com/sepd/psalms/136.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared the Greek refrain with the Swete text served by BibleHub. The source uses Psalm 135 under LXX numbering, corresponding to Hebrew Psalm 136.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [105 rsv-refrain]: “…for his steadfast love endures for ever.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20136&version=RSV | Carried forward from Codex N2: Compared the short refrain against RSV Psalm 136:1: its words agree. It is, however, a quotation, contrary to entries 132 and 133.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [109 script-exodus-character]: “here ḥesed is God's own word for his own character; the KJV renders it goodness.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Exodus 34:6 presents the LORD speaking and uses the Hebrew lemma in the phrase the KJV renders “abundant in goodness and truth”. The token-specific claim is accurate, unlike the all-occurrences generalization in entry 69.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [110 script-pointed-form]: “The pointed form of the word standing alone is חֶסֶד.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Exod.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the raw Exodus XML and normalized only cantillation/analytical punctuation. The pointed base form is חֶסֶד; the online XML matching failure does not disprove it.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [111 script-lev-disgrace]: “here means a disgrace; the KJV renders it a wicked thing.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Both the primary KJV verse and BDB give the disgrace reading. The displayed translation is “a wicked thing”.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [112 script-syriac]: “Linked by the lexica to an Aramaic/Syriac root “to shame.”” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2616.htm; https://yausha.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Hebrew-and-Aramaic-lexicon-of-the-Old-Testament-study-edition-volume-1.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB and HALOT expressly connect the shame word with Aramaic/Syriac forms. This is a lexicographic etymological proposal, appropriately described as linked.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [113 codex-date]: “c. 1008 CE (text far older)” | https://www.nli.org.il/he/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/itempage?docId=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001516230205171&scope=KTIV&vid=KTIV | Carried forward from Codex N2: Opened the NLI catalog through web retrieval after direct curl was denied. It dates the Leningrad Codex “1008-1009.” The page's c. 1008 is consistent.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [115 jerome-date]: “c. 400 CE. Vulgate (Jerome). The Greek choice, carried into Latin and so into the whole Western Church for a thousand years.” | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12533a.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The Psalter history dates Jerome's Gallican revision before 392 and explains its adoption in the Vulgate. c. 400 is an adequate rounded label. The displayed Clementine wording is a later edition of that tradition.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [116 kjv-date]: “King James Version (1611/1769)” | https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/; https://wiki.crosswire.org/CrossWire_KJV | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied source excerpt only dates the RSV, so it cannot establish 1769. CrossWire's KJV documentation explicitly identifies the “1769 Oxford Edition” and distinguishes it from “the original 1611 first edition”. Correct the source selection; the page's dates are sound.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [117 latin-refrain]: “quoniam in æternum misericordia ejus” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/lat-clementine.usfx.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Extracted Psalm 135:1 specifically from the Clementine USFX book PSA, chapter 135, verse 1: “Alleluja. Confitemini Domino, quoniam bonus, quoniam in æternum misericordia ejus.” The page's fragment agrees.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [118 latin-gloss]: “a heart for the wretched” | https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?met=up&ord=misericordia; https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?met=up&ord=misericors | Carried forward from Codex N2: This is an authorial etymological gloss. Lewis & Short gives misericordia from misericors, whose entry gives “[misereo-cor]”. It is not a verbatim dictionary definition and should not be tested as one.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [119 latin-miser-cor]: ““mercy, compassion” (miser + cor)” | https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?met=up&ord=misericordia; https://alatius.com/ls/index.php?met=up&ord=misericors | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read both Latin entries. The glosses mercy/compassion and the heart/pity etymological components are supported, with misericors as the intermediate formation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [120 hebrew-his-form]: “ḥasdō” ... ““his ḥesed”” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Ps.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Psalm 136:1 XML: the displayed word is the noun plus third-person masculine singular possessive suffix. The refrain context supports “his ḥesed”. Raw XML excerpt is present despite the checker's stripping mismatch.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [121 psalm-every-verse]: “The refrain runs through all 26 verses of Psalm 136” | https://bible.usccb.org/bible/psalms/136 | Carried forward from Codex N2: Recreated 26 tokens across all 26 Psalm 136 verses; the source text has the refrain in each.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [122 script-lxx-loss]: “The covenant bond is gone; only the tenderness survives.” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied Greek dictionary excerpt is insufficient on its own, but SAHD expressly states the loss of relationship/covenant components. This is a documented scholarly interpretation, contested by Goldingay. Do not mistake disagreement for a proven factual error.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [123 script-lxx-rate]: “About 87% of all ḥesed becomes ἔλεος in the LXX.” | https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: Same published 213/245 statistic as entry 34. Recomputed the percentage, 86.94%, but did not claim to have recomputed the full Greek-Hebrew alignment.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [124 script-latin-millennium]: “The Greek choice, carried into Latin and so into the whole Western Church for a thousand years.” | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12533a.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The Psalter history documents the Vulgate/Gallican transmission and its long Western liturgical use. The thousand years is approximate and consistent with the stated c. 400 starting point.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [125 script-hebrew-literacy]: “Few who read it could check the Hebrew.” | https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A344499/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Eskhult's historical discussion: medieval Western knowledge of Hebrew was “almost exclusively limited to them”, referring to Jews. This supports the restricted access among the Latin Christian readership.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [126 script-kjv-350]: “For three and a half centuries this is the English the word is read in.” | https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Revised-Standard-Version-RSV-Bible/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: 1611 to 1952 is 341 years, approximately three and a half centuries. The KJV is one major English tradition, and the diagram expressly follows that tradition rather than cataloguing every Bible.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [128 source-hebrew-label]: “OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible (WLC), Ps 136:1” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Ps.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: The raw OSHB Psalm 136:1 excerpt exists and contains the displayed refrain. Readme and XML establish the attribution; the online failure is markup handling.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [129 source-swete-label]: “Swete, The Old Testament in Greek, Ps 135:1 (LXX numbering)” | https://biblehub.com/sepd/psalms/136.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The BibleHub page explicitly labels the Greek as Swete's Septuagint. Checked the refrain and LXX Psalm 135 / Hebrew Psalm 136 numbering.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [130 source-latin-label]: “Clementine Vulgate, Ps 135:1” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/lat-clementine.usfx.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Parsed the Clementine source at PSA 135:1, rather than relying on a matching phrase elsewhere in the Bible. The displayed Latin is present there.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [131 source-kjv-label]: “King James Version (1611/1769), Ps 136:1” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml; https://wiki.crosswire.org/CrossWire_KJV | Carried forward from Codex N2: Primary KJV Psalm 136:1 matches the quotation; CrossWire documentation supports the conventional 1611/1769 edition label.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [134 fifteen-centuries]: “and holds for fifteen centuries” | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12533a.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: c. 400 to 1952 is about 1,550 years, appropriately rounded to fifteen centuries for the Latin-to-modern-English comparison shown. The date correction in entry 114 does not alter this interval.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [136 cite-oshb]: “OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible (OSHB / morphhb), the Westminster Leningrad Codex with Strong's tagging.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/README.md | Carried forward from Codex N2: The OSHB README explicitly describes WLC XML with augmented Strong's lemma attributes and morphology. The attribution is accurate.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [137 cite-strong]: “J. Strong, A Concise Dictionary of the Words in the Hebrew Bible (1894), Open Scriptures JSON.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/strongs/master/hebrew/strongs-hebrew-dictionary.js | Carried forward from Codex N2: The Open Scriptures dictionary file header names the Strong Hebrew dictionary and its 1894 edition. The entry content agrees with the quoted final gloss. This does not prove the historical split explanation in entry 25.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [138 cite-swete]: “H. B. Swete, The Old Testament in Greek (Ps 135:1–2, verbatim).” | https://archive.org/metadata/oldtestamentingr02swetuoft | Carried forward from Codex N2: Archive.org metadata identifies H. B. Swete and The Old Testament in Greek, with volumes dated 1896 to 1905. BibleHub supplies the actual primary passage. Metadata alone would not verify a verse.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [139 cite-lxx-count]: “The 213/245 equivalence figure: lexical studies of ἔλεος / ḥesed in the LXX.” | https://torahtalks.info/2023/TheMainHebrewWordsforLoveAhabHesed.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: The PDF supplies the 213/245 count exactly. The page's citation could be more specific about Harlăoanu, but the number is genuinely published.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [140 cite-latin]: “Clementine Vulgate (Ps 135:1), public domain.” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/lat-clementine.usfx.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Parsed the Clementine primary verse and checked the displayed Latin. The historical text is the cited public-domain edition.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [141 cite-english]: “King James Version (1611/1769), public domain; lovingkindness dated to M. Coverdale's Bible (1535) per the OED.” | https://www.ht.ac.uk/downloads/HTOED_Sample.pdf; https://wiki.crosswire.org/CrossWire_KJV | Carried forward from Codex N2: Confirmed the KJV dates through CrossWire, the actual primary verse, and the 1535 earliest-attestation entry in the Historical Thesaurus sample.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [142 cite-lexica]: “Brown–Driver–Briggs; Koehler–Baumgartner (HALOT).” | https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7983/24131; https://yausha.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-Hebrew-and-Aramaic-lexicon-of-the-Old-Testament-study-edition-volume-1.pdf | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read both BDB and HALOT entries. Both distinguish the two senses, with reversed I/II numbering as noted in entry 79.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [143 cite-glueck]: “N. Glueck, Das Wort ḥesed (1927);” | https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7983/24131 | Carried forward from Codex N2: The HTS bibliography lists Glueck, N., 1927, Das Wort Hesed. The discussion attributes the covenant-obligation interpretation to that work.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [144 cite-sakenfeld]: “K. D. Sakenfeld, The Meaning of Ḥesed in the Hebrew Bible (1978).” | https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7983/24131 | Carried forward from Codex N2: The HTS bibliography lists Sakenfeld's The Meaning of Hesed in the Hebrew Bible, 1978. Resnik supplies the substantive summary used on the page.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [145 cite-noto]: “Noto Serif Hebrew (SIL OFL)” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/fonts/main/ofl/notoserifhebrew/OFL.txt | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the Noto Serif Hebrew OFL.txt. It identifies the font software as licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [146 cite-gfs]: “GFS Didot (SIL OFL)” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/fonts/main/ofl/gfsdidot/OFL.txt | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the GFS Didot OFL.txt. It identifies the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [151 predecessor-request]: “Hebrew **חסד** across one English Bible.” | git show 4df1d97700:src/content/strata/for-want-of-a-better-term.md | Carried forward from Codex N2: The predecessor's open edges name “Hebrew חסד across one English Bible”. The checker warning comes from Markdown emphasis and the final punctuation, not an invented request.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [156 relation-moses]: “There the unvowelled root ק־ר־נ is read two ways” ... “'shine' or 'horn'” ... “and Jerome's Latin picked the horn, so Moses grew horns on a thousand walls.” | https://vulgate.org/ot/exodus_34.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: The primary Vulgate Exodus 34 contains “cornuta”. The shine/horn lexical contrast is real; the thousand-walls phrase is a figure for the visual tradition, not a literal wall census to score as a numerical error.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [157 relation-almah]: “There עַלְמָה (ʿalmâ)” ... “'young woman'” ... “became the Septuagint's παρθένος, 'virgin,' and a doctrine grew in the gap.” | https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/7.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read the primary LXX Isaiah 7:14, which has παρθένος. The link describes the young-woman/virgin translation issue. The theological characterization is interpretation rather than a measured causal claim.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [160 md-raḥamim]: “it also renders *raḥamim*, "compassion," and others” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm; https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/63.htm; https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openscriptures/morphhb/master/wlc/Isa.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Went beyond the general BibleHub commentary to primary texts. At Isaiah 63:7 the Hebrew raḥamim token (lemma 7356 b) aligns with Greek “κατὰ τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ”. The later hesed token in the same verse has a different Greek rendering. This supplies a concrete positive example.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [161 md-emet]: “**אֱמֶת (*ʾemet*, "truth/faithfulness")**” | https://biblehub.com/hebrew/571.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: BDB/Strong's H571 gives truth and faithfulness for אֱמֶת. The pointed form matches.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [162 md-emet-partner]: “ḥesed's constant partner in the formula *ḥesed we-ʾemet*” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Exodus 34:6 has the pair ḥesed and ʾemet. The dictionary and SAHD discuss this recurrent pairing. “Constant partner” is idiomatic for a frequent collocation, not a claim that every hesed token has emet beside it.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [163 md-jesus-hosea]: “Jesus quotes Hosea 6:6” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Thayer explicitly references Matthew 9:13 and 12:7 to Hosea 6:6. Read the primary KJV passages as an additional check: Matthew's saying quotes the mercy/not-sacrifice contrast.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [164 md-hosea-gloss]: “I desired ḥesed, not sacrifice” | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seven1m/open-bibles/master/eng-kjv.osis.xml | Carried forward from Codex N2: Read Hosea 6:6 in KJV and OSHB. Replacing mercy with its underlying Hebrew term makes this an authorial gloss; it is not a supposed verbatim KJV quotation.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [165 md-matthew-eleos]: “Matthew gives it as *eleos*” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm | Carried forward from Codex N2: Thayer's eleos entry explicitly identifies Matthew 9:13 and 12:7 as citations of Hosea 6:6. The semantic form is eleos, as claimed.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [170 meta-twelve]: “the King James shattered it into a dozen (mercy, kindness, lovingkindness, goodness, favour, pity…)” | https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h2617/kjv/wlc/0-1/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: BLB lists twelve rendering categories. The displayed eleven-item grid is expressly labelled eleven and is not presented as the entire concordance; there is no numerical inconsistency.
- CONFIRMED | N2 [179 no-greek-latin-equivalent]: “Greek and then Latin had no word for it and flattened it to 'pity' (ἔλεος → misericordia)” | https://biblehub.com/greek/1656.htm; https://sahd-online.com/words/chesed/ | Carried forward from Codex N2: The supplied eleos definition does not establish the lack of a full Greek/Latin equivalent. The broader claim is supported as translation criticism by SAHD's discussion of semantic loss and the word's complex semantic field. It should not be treated as a proven impossibility of explaining covenant concepts in either language.

## Findings

- [declined] X1: Rule 4, tier C: the note supplies a recollection of Waltke's judgment, which does not establish how many Hebraists share it. This is an unsupported generalization, with no evidence here that the judgment itself is false. Keep MINOR and list it. This sentence is separate from the first-divine-description sentence being fixed for X2.
- [fixed] X2: Changed the first-character claim to the Exodus 34:6 self-description; added its mirrored Corrected line.
- [fixed] X3: Replaced the thousand-year chronology and clarified the second chronology passage: Torah in the third century BCE, other books later. Added its mirrored Corrected line.
- [fixed] X4: Attributed the homonym tags to modern OSHB, separating them from Masoretic pointing. Added a Corrected line shared with X12 and X20.
- [fixed] X5: Removed the unsupported history of when the split became standard. This MINOR fix has no separate dated line.
- [fixed] X6: Restored the complete quoted sequence, including merciful (kindness), and source spacing. Added its mirrored Corrected line.
- [declined] X7: Rule 4, tier C: the note establishes a general KJV policy of varied phrasing, not a recorded motive about this particular Hebrew word. The word-specific motive is an interpretive inference from the renderings. Keep MINOR and list the need to identify it as such; the evidence does not establish that the inference is false. This sentence is not otherwise being fixed for a WRONG item.
- [fixed] X8: Replaced like everyone with following the dominant reading. Added its mirrored Corrected line. During repair, narrowed that line to the dissent the AJS abstract documents; its description of disgrace as likely does not establish the prevalence of each reading.
- [declined] X9: Rule 4, tier C: the note finds named modern versions and diverse translation choices, but no defined set or count supporting 'Most'. That leaves the majority generalization unsupported without proving that a majority claim is false under every reasonable scope. Keep MINOR and list the need to name the relevant versions or document a census. X14 repeats this same claim. Neither sentence is otherwise being fixed for a WRONG item.
- [fixed] X10: Kept 251 as the word census, with divine, human and shame uses; corrected the conclusion, og:description and twitter:description. Added its mirrored Corrected line.
- [fixed] X12: Changed Masoretic tag to OSHB lemma tag; covered by the X4/X12/X20 Corrected line.
- [fixed] X13: Changed the Greek Psalms row to 2nd or 1st c. BCE from Olofsson. Added its mirrored Corrected line.
- [declined] X14: Rule 4, tier C: this repeats X9's unsupported majority generalization. The supplied note identifies examples, not a modern-version census, and does not establish a false numerical majority. Keep MINOR and list it with X9. This is a separate sentence from the RSV source labels being fixed for X15/X16, so those fixes do not trigger the same-sentence exception.
- [fixed] X15: Acknowledged the brief RSV quotation in the source label, phrase annotation and colophon. Covered by the X15/X16 Corrected line.
- [fixed] X16: Acknowledged the brief RSV quotation in the static transmission footer. Covered by the X15/X16 Corrected line.
- [declined] X17: Rule 4, tier C: the supplied note distinguishes lexical evidence for semantic loss from evidence of a historical change across the whole West. The latter is an interpretive generalization whose stated source does not establish that breadth. Keep MINOR and list the need for attribution or reception-history evidence; the note does not itself prove the interpretation false. This sentence is not otherwise being fixed for a WRONG item.
- [declined] X18: I re-read the relation note at src/content/strata/the-word-for-both.md:15, at 4df1d97700, and Dorival's Oxford abstract at https://academic.oup.com/book/39198. The abstract describes the Torah translation and says 'The other Biblical books followed'; it does not identify the Isaiah and Psalms translators as the same individuals. The page can support a shared translation tradition, while personal identity remains unsupported. Keep this collective shorthand MINOR and list a more precise reference to the tradition. The sources read do not establish the translators' individual identities, and this sentence is not otherwise being fixed for a WRONG item.
- [fixed] X19: Narrowed No third-party request to the self-hosted fonts. Added its mirrored Corrected line; no deployment or shared beacon change.
- [fixed] X20: Attributed the markdown homonym tags to OSHB. Covered by the X4/X12/X20 Corrected line.
- [declined] X21: I re-read the relation note at src/content/strata/the-word-for-both.md:13, at 4df1d97700, and BDB at https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2617.htm. BDB lists human kindness as well as divine uses under I and 'shame, reproach' under II. In this relation note the page is summarizing its divine-love translation example, but the unqualified parenthesis can be mistaken for an exhaustive definition of the Hebrew word. Keep MINOR as a contextual precision issue and list the need to state that scope. The code and prose elsewhere explicitly disclose the homonym, and this sentence is not otherwise being fixed for a WRONG item.