[
  {
    "id": "seasons",
    "stratum": "what-causes-the-seasons",
    "question": "What causes the seasons on Earth?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "The 23.4-degree tilt of Earth's axis",
      "myth": "Earth's changing distance from the Sun",
      "d1": "Earth's rotation speeding up and slowing through the year",
      "d2": "The Sun's changing energy output through the year",
      "d3": "The slow precession of Earth's axis"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "The real cause is the 23.4° tilt of Earth's axis — and you can prove it below by switching each effect off and watching which one the seasons actually depend on.",
        "file": "public/strata/what-causes-the-seasons/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Nearly everyone, asked why summer is hot, reaches for the intuitive answer: the Earth must be closer to the Sun. It isn't.",
        "file": "public/strata/what-causes-the-seasons/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "far-side",
    "stratum": "the-moon-has-no-dark-side",
    "question": "How much sunlight does the far side of the Moon get, compared with the near side?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Exactly as much, sunlit half of every month",
      "myth": "None at all, it lies in permanent darkness",
      "d1": "About half as much as the near side",
      "d2": "About twice as much, over a lunar month",
      "d3": "About a quarter as much as the near side"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "The near-side spot logs about 14.8 days of sunlight and 14.8 of night. The far-side spot logs exactly the same … There is no hemisphere the Sun neglects.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-moon-has-no-dark-side/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Everyone knows the phrase, and almost everyone hears it wrong. … the hidden hemisphere is not sitting in eternal night.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-moon-has-no-dark-side/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "moon-illusion",
    "stratum": "moon-illusion",
    "question": "Why does the Moon look bigger when it sits near the horizon?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Nothing changes in the light; the brain enlarges it",
      "myth": "The atmosphere near the horizon magnifies it, like a lens",
      "d1": "You stand slightly closer to it when it is low",
      "d2": "Dust reddens the disc and spreads its edges",
      "d3": "Your pupil widens at night, magnifying the image"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Its angular size is the same all over the sky — and at the horizon it's actually about 1.6% smaller, because you're sitting roughly one Earth-radius farther from it.",
        "file": "public/strata/moon-illusion/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "most explanations you'll find say the air near the horizon magnifies it, like a lens. That explanation is wrong",
        "file": "public/strata/moon-illusion/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "water-blue",
    "stratum": "why-water-is-blue",
    "question": "Why does a deep body of clean water look blue?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Water itself absorbs red light; blue survives",
      "myth": "It reflects the blue of the sky above it",
      "d1": "Suspended particles scatter blue light, as air does",
      "d2": "Dissolved salts and minerals tint the water blue",
      "d3": "Microscopic algae give it a blue-green cast"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Water is blue on its own, in the dark, in a white-walled pool, because it absorbs red light.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-water-is-blue/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Ask why the ocean is blue and you'll be told it reflects the sky. It doesn't — or barely.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-water-is-blue/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "equal-transit",
    "stratum": "the-air-that-got-there-first",
    "question": "When air splits at the front of a wing, what happens to the two halves at the trailing edge?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "They never rejoin; the top air arrives first",
      "myth": "They rejoin exactly together at the trailing edge",
      "d1": "They rejoin, with the bottom air arriving first",
      "d2": "They rejoin a little behind the wing, in the wake",
      "d3": "The air does not split at all; it flows around intact"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "The air going over the top reaches the trailing edge first, with time to spare, and never meets its partner again.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-air-that-got-there-first/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "in the first page of search results. … It assumes two parcels of air that split at the front of the wing must rejoin at the back — the equal-transit-time assumption.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-air-that-got-there-first/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "microwave",
    "stratum": "why-microwaves-heat-food",
    "question": "How does a microwave oven's 2.45 GHz radiation heat the water in food?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Dielectric relaxation: dipoles lag the flipping field",
      "myth": "Resonance: 2.45 GHz matches water's resonant frequency",
      "d1": "Direct excitation of the O-H bond's stretching vibration",
      "d2": "Breaking hydrogen bonds between water molecules",
      "d3": "Infrared light emitted by the magnetron"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Liquid water absorbs over a broad band by dielectric relaxation — polar molecules trying to follow the flipping field and lagging behind.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-microwaves-heat-food/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Everyone is told that a microwave oven works by tuning radio waves to the resonant frequency of water. It does not.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-microwaves-heat-food/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "metal-cold",
    "stratum": "metal-colder-than-wood",
    "question": "Why does a metal spoon feel colder than a wooden one kept in the same room?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Metal draws heat from your skin much faster",
      "myth": "The metal is actually at a lower temperature",
      "d1": "Metal's smooth surface touches more of your skin",
      "d2": "Metal radiates your hand's heat away as infrared",
      "d3": "Metal evaporates moisture from your skin, cooling it"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Nothing about it is cold — it's just better at stealing the heat from your hand.",
        "file": "public/strata/metal-colder-than-wood/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "So the question isn't which object is colder (neither is), it's which object drains your skin faster.",
        "file": "public/strata/metal-colder-than-wood/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "corrected"
  },
  {
    "id": "helium",
    "stratum": "helium-voice",
    "question": "What does inhaling helium actually change about the sound of your voice?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Its timbre: vocal-tract resonances shift upward",
      "myth": "Its pitch: the vocal folds vibrate faster",
      "d1": "Its loudness: the light gas carries sound better",
      "d2": "Its clarity: helium damps the lower harmonics",
      "d3": "Its speed: the words come out slightly faster"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Breathing helium does not raise the pitch of your voice, it changes the timbre. Your vocal folds buzz at the same rate, but sound travels about 2.9 times faster in helium, so the resonances of your vocal tract slide upward.",
        "file": "src/content/strata/helium-voice.md"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "it's because helium is \"lighter,\" so your pitch goes up. That's wrong",
        "file": "public/strata/helium-voice/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "glass-flow",
    "stratum": "glass-is-liquid",
    "question": "Why are the glass panes in old cathedral windows often thicker at the bottom?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "They were made uneven; the thick edge was hung downward",
      "myth": "The glass slowly flowed downward over the centuries",
      "d1": "Glaziers cast them thicker at the base for strength",
      "d2": "Weathering and rain thinned their upper edges over time",
      "d3": "The lead cames pressed the soft glass slowly downward"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Then why is the old window thicker at the bottom? Because of how it was made.",
        "file": "public/strata/glass-is-liquid/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "glass is secretly a very slow liquid, and that is why the windows in old cathedrals are thicker at the bottom — centuries of glass quietly oozing downward. It is one of the most repeated facts that is simply not true.",
        "file": "public/strata/glass-is-liquid/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "concrete",
    "stratum": "does-concrete-dry",
    "question": "How does poured concrete harden into stone?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "A chemical reaction with water that consumes it",
      "myth": "The mix water evaporating out of it",
      "d1": "Cooling and crystallizing as it loses heat",
      "d2": "Solvents in the binder evaporating away",
      "d3": "The aggregate settling and locking together under weight"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "A slab does not dry to get hard. It reacts: cement and water grow into interlocking crystals that consume the water.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-concrete-dry/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "The mental model everyone carries (\"wet concrete dries out and becomes stone\") is backwards about the main event.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-concrete-dry/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "veins",
    "stratum": "why-veins-look-blue",
    "question": "What colour is oxygen-poor blood while it is still inside your veins?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Dark red, a deep maroon",
      "myth": "Blue, turning red on contact with air",
      "d1": "Colourless, until it meets oxygen",
      "d2": "Dark brown, like rust",
      "d3": "Bright red, the same as arterial blood"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Oxygen-rich blood is bright scarlet; oxygen-poor venous blood is dark maroon.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-veins-look-blue/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "School diagrams print veins blue and arteries red, and everyone grows up \"knowing\" that deoxygenated blood is blue and turns red the instant it hits air.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-veins-look-blue/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "tongue-map",
    "stratum": "the-zones-that-were-never-there",
    "question": "Which parts of the human tongue can detect sweetness?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Every region of the tongue, and the palate",
      "myth": "Only the tip of the tongue",
      "d1": "Only the moist underside of the tongue",
      "d2": "Only the tongue's surface, never the palate",
      "d3": "Only the throat, after swallowing"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "taste buds across the whole tongue and palate contain cells that respond to all five basic qualities — sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami",
        "file": "public/strata/the-zones-that-were-never-there/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Sweet at the tip, salty on the front sides, sour along the edges, bitter at the back. You were taught a map of the tongue. It is wrong",
        "file": "public/strata/the-zones-that-were-never-there/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "dog-colour",
    "stratum": "the-colours-the-dog-keeps",
    "question": "Which colours can a dog actually tell apart?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Blue and yellow; red and green look alike",
      "myth": "None; it sees only shades of grey",
      "d1": "Red and green; blue looks grey to it",
      "d2": "All human colours, but far less saturated",
      "d3": "Only shades of blue, with no yellow at all"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "A human retina has three cone pigments; a dog has two, with measured peaks at 429 nm (a blue cone) and 555 nm (a yellow-green cone). Missing the long-wave \"red\" cone you have, a dog can't separate red from green",
        "file": "public/strata/the-colours-the-dog-keeps/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Your dog is not colourblind, and it does not see the world in grey.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-colours-the-dog-keeps/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "corrected"
  },
  {
    "id": "metabolism",
    "stratum": "the-metabolism-that-didnt-slow",
    "question": "At what age does an adult's size-adjusted daily energy burn actually begin to decline?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "About 63",
      "myth": "About 31",
      "d1": "About 44",
      "d2": "About 76",
      "d3": "About 54"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "and then nothing happens to the rate until about 63, where it finally starts to ebb at roughly 0.7% a year.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-metabolism-that-didnt-slow/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Everyone blames it: a metabolism that quietly slows through your 30s and 40s, which is why the weight creeps on.",
        "file": "public/strata/the-metabolism-that-didnt-slow/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "head-heat",
    "stratum": "heat-lost-through-your-head",
    "question": "If a person's whole body is uncovered, roughly what share of their body heat escapes through the head?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "About 10 percent",
      "myth": "About 45 percent",
      "d1": "About 4 percent",
      "d2": "About 60 percent",
      "d3": "About 35 percent"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "The head is about 9% of your skin, and it sheds about 9-10% of your heat.",
        "file": "public/strata/heat-lost-through-your-head/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Every cold snap, someone says it: you lose 40 to 50% of your body heat through your head. You don't.",
        "file": "public/strata/heat-lost-through-your-head/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "ulcers",
    "stratum": "does-spicy-food-cause-ulcers",
    "question": "What causes most stomach ulcers?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "A bacterial infection of the stomach lining",
      "myth": "Spicy food and stress",
      "d1": "A virus spread through contaminated food",
      "d2": "An autoimmune attack on the stomach lining",
      "d3": "An inherited weakness in the stomach lining"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "A peptic ulcer is, overwhelmingly, an infection (a spiral bacterium, Helicobacter pylori) or the slow erosion of long-term painkillers.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-spicy-food-cause-ulcers/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "For most of the twentieth century the answer was spicy food and stress. It was wrong.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-spicy-food-cause-ulcers/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "gum",
    "stratum": "does-swallowed-gum-stay-in-your-stomach",
    "question": "How long does swallowed chewing gum typically stay in the body?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "About one to two days",
      "myth": "About seven years",
      "d1": "About four hours",
      "d2": "About three months",
      "d3": "About six weeks"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "Ordinary peristalsis pushes the base out in a day or two, on the same schedule as everything else you eat.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-swallowed-gum-stay-in-your-stomach/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "The folk claim is oddly specific: swallowed gum \"stays in your stomach for seven years.\" It has no medical basis.",
        "file": "public/strata/does-swallowed-gum-stay-in-your-stomach/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "five-second",
    "stratum": "is-the-5-second-rule-real",
    "question": "How long must dropped food lie on a contaminated floor before bacteria transfer onto it?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Under one second",
      "myth": "About five seconds",
      "d1": "About thirty seconds",
      "d2": "About two minutes",
      "d3": "About ninety seconds"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "in Miranda & Schaffner (2016) transfer was measurable at the shortest tested contact time, <1 s, so there is no safe window and no cliff at 5 s",
        "file": "public/strata/is-the-5-second-rule-real/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "You drop the toast. The stopwatch in your head starts.",
        "file": "public/strata/is-the-5-second-rule-real/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "corrected"
  },
  {
    "id": "cake",
    "stratum": "let-them-eat-cake",
    "question": "Who wrote the line \"let them eat cake\", and about whom?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Rousseau, about an unnamed great princess",
      "myth": "Marie Antoinette, about starving French peasants",
      "d1": "Madame de Pompadour, about Parisian bread riots",
      "d2": "Voltaire, about the wife of Louis XV",
      "d3": "An anonymous pamphleteer, about the Queen, in 1789"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "The line is real. It is in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, Book VI, where he reaches for a half-remembered anecdote about an unnamed aristocrat",
        "file": "public/strata/let-them-eat-cake/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Everyone knows the story: the starving people have no bread, and the heedless queen",
        "file": "public/strata/let-them-eat-cake/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "february",
    "stratum": "why-february-has-28-days",
    "question": "Why does February have only 28 days?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "It already had 28 in Rome's pre-Julian calendar",
      "myth": "Augustus took a day from it to lengthen his August",
      "d1": "Julius Caesar removed two days to make room for leap years",
      "d2": "Pope Gregory shortened it in the reform of 1582",
      "d3": "The Julian reform gave its days to the longest months"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "When Caesar reformed the calendar in 46 BCE he added exactly ten days to reach 365, sprinkled across the other months, and never touched February.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-february-has-28-days/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Here is the version repeated in a thousand classrooms: the months once alternated neatly, 31 and 30; Julius Caesar built July with 31 days for himself; then Augustus, jealous, wanted 31 in his month too, so he clipped a day off February to do it.",
        "file": "public/strata/why-february-has-28-days/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  },
  {
    "id": "redshifts",
    "stratum": "who-discovered-the-expanding-universe",
    "question": "Who first measured the radial velocities (redshifts) of galaxies?",
    "options": {
      "checked": "Vesto Slipher, beginning in 1912",
      "myth": "Edwin Hubble, in 1929",
      "d1": "Harlow Shapley, in 1918",
      "d2": "Georges Lemaitre, in 1927",
      "d3": "Henrietta Leavitt, in 1912"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "checked": {
        "quote": "But the velocities that made Hubble's famous plot were measured by Vesto Slipher more than a decade earlier — and Hubble's paper names no source for them.",
        "file": "public/strata/who-discovered-the-expanding-universe/index.html"
      },
      "myth": {
        "quote": "Ask the internet who discovered the expanding universe and it answers, fast and wrong-ish: Edwin Hubble, 1929.",
        "file": "public/strata/who-discovered-the-expanding-universe/index.html"
      }
    },
    "mythEvidence": "held"
  }
]