{
  "about": "Bone lead (ppm = micrograms of lead per gram of dry bone) for the Franklin expedition crew and every group it has been compared with. Individual values where a paper prints them; otherwise the paper's summary, marked summaryOnly. Each entry names the table it was copied from.",
  "franklin": {
    "label": "Franklin crew, Erebus Bay, King William Island (site NgLj-2)",
    "short": "Franklin nine",
    "method": "ICP-MS, McMaster University; anterior midshaft cortical bone of 7 right femora and 2 tibiae, exposed bone only",
    "source": "Keenleyside, Bertulli & Fricke 1997, Arctic 50(1):36-46, Table 2 'Bone lead levels'",
    "printed": { "mean": 103.1, "sd": 49.7, "range": [49, 204] },
    "values": [
      { "id": "right femur #241", "ppm": 49 },
      { "id": "right femur #243", "ppm": 204 },
      { "id": "right femur #414", "ppm": 107 },
      { "id": "right femur #020", "ppm": 160 },
      { "id": "right femur #053", "ppm": 83 },
      { "id": "right femur #041", "ppm": 57 },
      { "id": "right femur #051", "ppm": 103 },
      { "id": "right tibia #421", "ppm": 83 },
      { "id": "left tibia #314", "ppm": 82 }
    ],
    "caveat": "Nine bone samples. The site held a minimum of eight (by mandibles) or eleven (by x-ray fluorescence) men, and the page treats the nine as nine men, as the 1997 paper's t-tests do; that is not proven, since the bones were scattered and no skeleton could be identified."
  },
  "antigua": {
    "label": "Royal Navy hospital cemetery, English Harbour, Antigua, 1793-1822",
    "short": "Royal Navy, Antigua",
    "method": "ICP-MS, University of Saskatchewan; fibular diaphysis cortical bone, 23 male adults and adolescents",
    "source": "Giffin, Swanston, Coulthard, Murphy, Cooper & Varney 2017, Int J Osteoarchaeol 27:672-682, Table 1",
    "printed": { "mean": 80.76, "range": [10.08, 251.49] },
    "values": [
      { "id": "B1", "age": "45-49", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 41.19 },
      { "id": "B2", "age": "25-29", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 22.18 },
      { "id": "B3", "age": "30-34", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 72.25 },
      { "id": "B4", "age": "50-60", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 163.1 },
      { "id": "B5", "age": "16-18", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 90.18 },
      { "id": "B6", "age": "25-29", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 21.03 },
      { "id": "B8-1", "age": "14-15", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 214.77 },
      { "id": "B8-3", "age": "20-29", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 36.89 },
      { "id": "B9a", "age": "18-20", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 149.04 },
      { "id": "B9b", "age": "20-29", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 151.92 },
      { "id": "B12a", "age": "35-39", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 86.93 },
      { "id": "B14", "age": "35-39", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 30.9 },
      { "id": "B15a", "age": "35-39", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 251.49 },
      { "id": "B16", "age": "16-18", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 73.19 },
      { "id": "B17", "age": "35-39", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 15.99 },
      { "id": "B18", "age": "30-35", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 54.72 },
      { "id": "B19a", "age": "40-45", "ancestry": "E", "ppm": 101.85 },
      { "id": "B19b", "age": "20-24", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 61.19 },
      { "id": "B22", "age": "20-29", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 10.08 },
      { "id": "B23", "age": "35-39", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 121.77 },
      { "id": "B24", "age": "25-29", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 42.09 },
      { "id": "B25", "age": "20-25", "ancestry": "A", "ppm": 23.08 },
      { "id": "B26", "age": "14-18", "ancestry": "ND", "ppm": 21.7 }
    ],
    "caveat": "These men died in a naval hospital, so they may carry more lead than the navy at large; the paper says so itself. They were sampled at the fibula, not the femur, in a different laboratory, and they died 23 to 52 years before the expedition sailed."
  },
  "summaries": [
    {
      "key": "inuit-kowal",
      "label": "19th-century Inuit, King William Island (Kowal)",
      "short": "Inuit (Kowal)",
      "method": "AAS (graphite furnace), 17 bone elements",
      "source": "Kowal et al. 1989 and 1991, as tabulated in Swanston et al. 2018, PLOS ONE 13(8):e0202983, Table 1; range also in the 1989 abstract",
      "range": [1, 14], "mean": 5.1, "sd": 4, "n": 17, "nNote": "17 elements; the number of individuals is printed as '?'"
    },
    {
      "key": "inuit-beattie",
      "label": "Inuit, King William Island (Beattie)",
      "short": "Inuit (Beattie)",
      "method": "ICP-AES, 3 occipitals, a temporal and 2 ribs from 3 individuals",
      "source": "Beattie 1985, as tabulated in Swanston et al. 2018, Table 1",
      "range": [22, 36], "n": 3
    },
    {
      "key": "caribou",
      "label": "Caribou bone found with a sailor",
      "short": "Caribou",
      "method": "AAS, 2 ribs",
      "source": "Kowal et al. 1989 abstract; Swanston et al. 2018, Table 1",
      "range": [2, 2], "mean": 2, "n": 2
    },
    {
      "key": "modern",
      "label": "Modern population (Kowal's comparison)",
      "short": "Modern",
      "method": "as reported in the 1989 abstract",
      "source": "Kowal et al. 1989 abstract: 'Lead levels in bone of a modern population range from 18-50'",
      "range": [18, 50], "n": 5, "nNote": "the abstract says only 'a modern population'; n = 5 is from Keenleyside 1997, which describes Kowal's comparison as five modern cadaver samples from Vancouver"
    },
    {
      "key": "kowal-franklin",
      "label": "Franklin crew, King William Island (Kowal's larger series)",
      "short": "Franklin (Kowal)",
      "method": "AAS (graphite furnace); 24 elements from 8 to 15 individuals per Swanston's table, 27 samples per the 1989 abstract",
      "source": "Kowal et al. 1989 and 1991, as tabulated in Swanston et al. 2018, Table 1",
      "range": [87, 223], "mean": 138.1, "sd": 35, "n": 27, "nMen": [8, 15]
    }
  ],
  "keenleyside1997": {
    "source": "Keenleyside, Bertulli & Fricke 1997, p. 41",
    "vsVancouverT": 4.17,
    "vsInuitT": 5.90,
    "text": "The means of both sets of samples are significantly higher than the mean lead level reported by Kowal et al. (1989) for five modern cadaver samples from Vancouver, British Columbia (t = 4.17, p < 0.05). They are also significantly higher than the mean level reported by Kowal et al. (1989) for 19th-century Inuit bone from King William Island (t = 5.90, p < 0.05)"
  },
  "swanston2018Table1": {
    "vancouver": { "range": [1, 8], "n": 5, "label": "Modern-Western Canada (Vancouver) cadavers, calvaria fragments, AAS, 1-8 ppm" },
    "antigua": { "mean": 79.6, "sd": 65.39, "range": [10, 252], "n": 23 }
  }
}