{
 "note": "Each passage is copied exactly from the source named, as kept in this site's repository on the date it was fetched (2026-11-06). The page quotes inside these passages; /checks/verify-the-joke-desk-second-sitting.mjs checks that it does.",
 "quotes": {
  "janis-face": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.5735/086.061.0130",
   "kept": "horse-face-janis2024.txt",
   "excerpt": "It is a common observation that most larger (over around 5–10 kg) herbivorous mammals have longer faces than carnivorous ones. A horse has a relatively longer face than a lion, or even than a wolf."
  },
  "radinsky": {
   "source": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17811522/",
   "kept": "horse-face-radinsky1983.txt",
   "excerpt": "A relatively longer preorbital portion of the skull resulted from the ventral and forward displacement of the tooth row relative to the jaw joint and the orbit when high-crowned teeth evolved."
  },
  "janis-propose": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.5735/086.061.0130",
   "kept": "horse-face-janis2024.txt",
   "excerpt": "Why is this ability sacrificed in long-faced larger herbivores? We propose that longer faces relate to the ability to use the forelimbs in feeding; for reasons of allometric scaling and locomotor specialization, forelimb mobility becomes restricted in larger animals, and a longer face becomes important for food prehension."
  },
  "ws-teeth": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2026.10096",
   "kept": "horse-face-wisniewski2026.txt",
   "excerpt": "We find that equids deviate from the CREA pattern and that the evolution of hypsodont dentition did not significantly influence facial proportions in the group."
  },
  "ws-single": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2026.10096",
   "kept": "horse-face-wisniewski2026.txt",
   "excerpt": "Our results challenge the idea that a single developmental or ecological factor can fully explain skull evolution in horses."
  },
  "sisson-four": {
   "source": "https://archive.org/details/anatomyofdomesti00sissuoft",
   "kept": "cow-toes-sisson.txt",
   "excerpt": "Four digits are present in the ox."
  },
  "sisson-weight": {
   "source": "https://archive.org/details/anatomyofdomesti00sissuoft",
   "kept": "cow-toes-sisson.txt",
   "excerpt": "In the ox and pig the third and fourth are well developed and support the weight, while the second and fifth are reduced."
  },
  "merck-foot": {
   "source": "https://www.merckvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/lameness-in-cattle/anatomy-of-the-distal-limb-of-a-cow",
   "kept": "cow-toes-merck.txt",
   "excerpt": "The foot consists of two digits and extends from the accessory digits (known as dewclaws) to the distal end of the third phalanx (known as the pedal bone, P3, or coffin bone)."
  },
  "merck-hoof": {
   "source": "https://www.merckvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/lameness-in-cattle/anatomy-of-the-distal-limb-of-a-cow",
   "kept": "cow-toes-merck.txt",
   "excerpt": "In ruminants, pigs, and horses, the proper words used to describe the distal limb within the horn capsule are \"hoof\" and \"hooves.\""
  },
  "chortle": {
   "source": "https://www.chortle.co.uk/review/2005/01/01/34583/tim_vine:_current_puns",
   "kept": "circulation/K04.txt",
   "excerpt": "It is a relentless barrage of wordplay, each one pared down to its bare essentials. ‘Velcro. What a rip-off.’ A four-word gag, you can’t get much tighter than that."
  },
  "velcro-tm": {
   "source": "https://www.velcro.com/original-thinking/the-velcro-brand-trademark-guidelines/",
   "kept": "velcro-trademark.txt",
   "excerpt": "In 1941, George de Mestral conceived the idea for hook & loop fasteners with inspiration from burdock burrs clinging to his dog’s fur and his clothing."
  },
  "velcro-tl": {
   "source": "https://www.velcro.com/original-thinking/our-timeline-of-innovation/",
   "kept": "velcro-timeline.txt",
   "excerpt": "While taking a walk through the woods, Swiss electrical engineer, George de Mestral, discovered the cocklebur is comprised of hundreds of tiny hooks that cling tenaciously to fabrics and animal fur."
  },
  "velcro-story": {
   "source": "https://www.velcro.com/original-thinking/our-story/",
   "kept": "velcro-story.txt",
   "excerpt": "In 1941, the inventor of VELCRO® Brand fasteners, Swiss engineer George de Mestral, returned from a hunting trip in the Alps to discover burrs clinging to his wool pants and his dog’s fur."
  },
  "us3009235": {
   "source": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US3009235A/en",
   "kept": "velcro-us3009235.txt",
   "excerpt": "As a result, only about 30% of the total number of hooks come into engagement with other hooks when two layers of such hooked fabric are pressed together."
  },
  "lemelson": {
   "source": "https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/george-de-mestral",
   "kept": "velcro-lemelson.txt",
   "excerpt": "He saw that the burr had tiny hooks all over it that were able to hold tightly to the fabric loops in his clothing or strands of hair in animal fur."
  },
  "noaa-nos": {
   "source": "https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/wavesinocean.html",
   "kept": "great-wave-noaa-nos.txt",
   "excerpt": "Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. However, water does not actually travel in waves. Waves transmit energy, not water, across the ocean and if not obstructed by anything, they have the potential to travel across an entire ocean basin."
  },
  "noaa-oe": {
   "source": "https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ocean-fact/waves/",
   "kept": "great-wave-noaa-oe.txt",
   "excerpt": "The approach of the bottom in shallow areas causes the lower portion of the wave to slow down and compress, forcing the wave’s crest higher in the air. Eventually this imbalance in the wave reaches a breaking point, and the crest comes crashing down as wave energy is dissipated into the surf."
  },
  "cn-plunging": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2007.0039",
   "kept": "cartwright-nakamura-2009.crossref.json",
   "excerpt": "We examine that hypothesis together with the alternatives, by discussing the image itself and the circumstances surrounding its composition, and by evaluating the wave in terms of the fluid dynamics of breaking waves and in particular of the species termed plunging breakers, of which The great wave is a member,"
  },
  "cn-storm": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2007.0039",
   "kept": "cartwright-nakamura-2009.crossref.json",
   "excerpt": "and conclude that it is more probable that Hokusai intended to depict an exceptionally large storm wave."
  },
  "capa-cross": {
   "source": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2015/613/en",
   "kept": "swiss-flag-capa-en.txt",
   "excerpt": "The Swiss cross is a white, upright, free-standing cross depicted against a red background, whose arms, which are all of equal size, are one-sixth longer than they are wide."
  },
  "capa-flag": {
   "source": "https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2015/613/en",
   "kept": "swiss-flag-capa-en.txt",
   "excerpt": "The Swiss flag shows a Swiss cross on a square background."
  },
  "euclid": {
   "source": "https://archive.org/details/thirteenbookseu02heibgoog",
   "kept": "parallel-lines-heath.txt",
   "excerpt": "23. Parallel straight lines are straight lines which, being in the same plane and being produced indefinitely in both directions, do not meet one another in either direction."
  },
  "mw-sphere": {
   "source": "https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SphericalGeometry.html",
   "kept": "parallel-lines-mathworld-sphgeom.txt",
   "excerpt": "In spherical geometry, the analogs of straight lines are great circles, so any two of them meet in two points. There are also no parallel lines."
  },
  "snyder": {
   "source": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1395/report.pdf",
   "kept": "parallel-lines-snyder.txt",
   "excerpt": "Meridians of longitude are formed with a series of imaginary lines, all intersecting at both the North and South Poles, and crossing each parallel of latitude at right angles, but striking the Equator at various points."
  },
  "ekman-face": {
   "source": "https://www.paulekman.com/universal-emotions/what-is-surprise/",
   "kept": "surprise-ekman.txt",
   "excerpt": "In surprise, our eyes are wide open, eyebrows are raised, and jaws drop open."
  },
  "ekman-brief": {
   "source": "https://www.paulekman.com/universal-emotions/what-is-surprise/",
   "kept": "surprise-ekman.txt",
   "excerpt": "Surprise is the briefest of all the emotions, lasting a few seconds at most. Other emotions can be very brief, but they can also endure much longer, whereas surprise has a fixed, limited duration."
  },
  "darwin-photo": {
   "source": "https://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1872_Expression_F1142.pdf",
   "kept": "surprise-darwin1872.txt",
   "excerpt": "Dr. Duchenne has given a photograph of an old man with his eyebrows well elevated and arched by the galvanization of the frontal muscle; and with his\n\n--- p. 279 ---\nmouth voluntarily opened. This figure expresses surprise with much truth."
  },
  "darwin-test": {
   "source": "https://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1872_Expression_F1142.pdf",
   "kept": "surprise-darwin1872.txt",
   "excerpt": "I showed it to twenty-four persons without a word of explanation, and one alone did not at all understand what was intended. A second person answered terror, which is not far wrong; some of the others, however, added to the words surprise or astonishment, the epithets horrified, woful, painful, or disgusted."
  },
  "duchenne": {
   "source": "https://archive.org/details/mecanismedelaphy00duch",
   "kept": "surprise-duchenne1862.txt",
   "excerpt": "Abaissement volontaire et modéré de la mâchoire inférieure, et contraction électrique proportionnelle des frontaux : surprise."
  },
  "up3": {
   "source": "https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-3-the-compton-effect",
   "kept": "photon-openstax-up3.txt",
   "excerpt": "Unlike a particle of matter that is characterized by its rest mass m0, a photon is massless."
  },
  "cp2e-quantum": {
   "source": "https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/29-4-photon-momentum",
   "kept": "photon-openstax-cp2e.txt",
   "excerpt": "The quantum of EM radiation we call a photon has properties analogous to those of particles we can see, such as grains of sand."
  },
  "cp2e-carry": {
   "source": "https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/29-4-photon-momentum",
   "kept": "photon-openstax-cp2e.txt",
   "excerpt": "We expect particles with mass to have momentum, but now we see that massless particles including photons also carry momentum."
  },
  "ahd-root": {
   "source": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html",
   "kept": "stick-ahd-steig.txt",
   "excerpt": "To stick; pointed. Partly blended with stegh-."
  },
  "ahd-derivatives": {
   "source": "https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html",
   "kept": "stick-ahd-steig.txt",
   "excerpt": "Derivatives include stitch, ticket, instinct, stigma, tiger, and steak."
  },
  "mw-pierce": {
   "source": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stick",
   "kept": "stick-mw.txt",
   "excerpt": "transitive verb 1a: \": to pierce with something pointed : stab\""
  },
  "third-law": {
   "source": "https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/4-7-entropy-on-a-microscopic-scale",
   "kept": "absolute-zero-openstax.txt",
   "excerpt": "One of the common statements of the third law of thermodynamics is: The absolute zero temperature cannot be reached through any finite number of cooling steps."
  },
  "xiong-before": {
   "source": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aea5324",
   "kept": "absolute-zero-xiong-science.txt",
   "excerpt": "The lowest equivalent temperature reported in such a system is 38 pK with a free expansion time of 2 s, achieved in atom-chip-based magnetic traps in microgravity."
  }
 }
}